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THE BROWN HEMATITE 

IRO . ORE BANKS 

OK 

THAT PART OP NITTANY VALLEY CALLED 

WARRIOR’S MARK VALLEY 
HALF MOON VALLEY 

AND 

SPRUCE CREEK VALLEY 

IN 

HUNTINGDON AND CENTRE COUNTIES 

PENNSYLVANIA 

OWNED BY 

LYON, SHORB & CO., PITTSBURG, PA. 

By J. P. LESLEY 

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

) 

* * 

) * 

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Philadelphia 

McCalla & Stavely, Prs., 237-9 Dock Street 

1874 





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2 JUl 1908 


TriE Brown Hematite Ore Banks of Spruce Creek, Warrior's 
Mark Run, and Half Moon Run, in Huntingdon and Centre 
Counties, Pennsylvania, along tiie line of the Lewisburg, 
Centre County and Tyrone Railroad. 


Preliminary Chapter. 

The district under examination, with an area of about one hundred 
square miles, is bounded on the west by the Bald Eagle Mountain, on 
the east by Tussey Mountain, and on the south by the Little Juniata 
River, and the Pennsylvania Central Railroad. 

The Huntingdon-Centre County-line crosses it transversely from moun¬ 
tain to mountain. The Huntingdon-Blair County-line follows the river. 

Spruce Creek flows southward along the foot of Tussey Mountain. Its 
branches, Warrior’s Mark Run and Half Moon Run, cross the countiy 
from Bald Eagle Mountain, along the foot of which their head waters 
flow Logan’s Run flows at the foot of Bald Eagle Mountain into the 
Little Juniata River near Tyrone. See large Map. 

The river and the two runs afford fine opportunities for three cross- 
sections, represented in figs. 1, 2 and 3. These sections have been photo- 
lithographed (like the map) to a very reduced scale for convenience of 
publication, but were carefully constructed on the same vertical and 
horizontal large scale, so that their geology may be relied on. 

The map was plotted with great care from the survey notes of Mr 
Franklin Platt,* (as were also all the reduced local maps of the Ore 
Banks, figs. 8 to 44) and adjusted with almost no variation to the rail¬ 
road survey maps in the office of that experienced and most reliable Civil 
Engineer, Mr. Leuffer, who located, constructed and has in charge the 
completion of the L. C. C. and T. R. R., to whose courtesy I am in this 
as in other cases, so largely and gladly indebted. 

The map is drawn in ten foot contour lines, determined by aneroid ob¬ 
servations, based on the spirit levels of the railway lines, preliminary 
and adopted. One set of aneroid observations was carried to the top of 
Tussey from Pennsylvania Furnace; the rest of the mountain being drawn 
in by rough trigonometrical observations from the Spruce Creek road. The 
gaps in its terrace are all properly placed and their characteristic features 
given : but slight variations in the almost dead level crest of the moun¬ 
tain could only be indicated. The survey of the Spruce Creek Valley 
was made rapidly and only for the purpose of assigning a proper value to 
its topographical features, a new township survey by a corps of odometer 
surveyors being the basis. Here a considerable adjustment had to be 
made, which renders this part of the map of no authority, as against 

♦Formerly an Assistant on the U. S. Coast Survey. 



4 


careful future surveys. The adjustment affects the whole southeast 
corner of the map, viz.: the interval between the mouth of Warrior’s liun 
and the river. It is none of it accurate. The rest of the map is very 
accurate and reliable. 

Various former surveys of the Juniata were compared in plotting Mr. 
Platt’s survey along the Pennsylvania Railroad, and all were found to be 
discordant in details, but the topographical features of the deeply eroded 
bed of the Little Juniata are portrayed with sufficient precision. 

Time failed for a careful survey of the mouths of Canoe and Sinking 
Valleys south of the river. I leave these and the interesting synclinal 
mountain (Canoe Mountain) which separates them, for a future oppor¬ 
tunity. Canoe Valley leads south into Morrison’s Cove, a reconnoissance 
survey of which I made some years ago for the Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 
to determine the economical value and geological attitude of its brown 
hematite iron ores, the analogues of those to be described in this report. 

Three sets of aneroid levels were carried to the top of the Bald Eagle 
Mountain, and two of these were continued to its western base, along 
which flows the Big and Little Bald Eagle Creeks, and runs the Bald 
Eagle (Tyrone, Bellefonte and Lockhaven) Railroad. A much more care¬ 
ful study of Bald Eagle Mountain than of Tussey Mountain had to be 
made ; first, on account of the Great (Bellefonte or Tyrone Forge) Fault 
which runs along its east foot; secondly, on account of the vertical attitude 
of its rocks and the very irregular erosion to which it has therefore 
yielded ; thirdly, on account of a deflection of trend, due to the little 
synclinal crimple shown in two of the Cross Sections ; and fourthly, on 
account of the outcrops of fossil ore on its western slope. Yet, I should be 
glad to make a complete hypsometric projection of this very interesting 
mountain, with its dentated double crest, for scientific purposes. Its 
character is, however, well portrayed in my map and will tell the whole 
story to any geologist. 

A second map (also reduced by photolithography from its original scale 
of 100 perches to the inch,) is appended to this report. It is a copy, cor¬ 
rected to date, of the land line map* of Lyon, Shorb & Co.’s ore and other 
lands in Huntingdon, Blair and Centre Counties, covering about 200,000 
acres in the valley and on its two bounding mountains, and stretching 
westward beyond the Bald Eagle Creek to the coal measures on the crest 
of the Alleghany Mountain. It was impossible to transfer the numerous 
and complicated land lines of this map to my topographical map without 
concealing its features beneath a net work of irrelevant indications. I have 
gone even farther in my anxiety to show with unobstructed clearness 
the geology by the topography ; I have abstained from introducing local 
names upon my map, trusting to the intelligence of those who consult it, 
guided by a small key map in its southeast corner, and by the descriptions 
I give of localities with reference to the numerous ore banks which are 
numbered. The key to the numbers will be found in the northeast corner 

* The original is in the office of Mr. Lowrie, at Warrior’s Creek, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 



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£ N •sl'l 


&9l *?t'l *§■ 

Wloiuitauv./ » | §- g. 


Fig. 















































6 


of the map. The numbers follow rudely the ore belts, but not on any 
strictly scientific principle; they are arranged for the convenience of the 
reader. 

A third map, lieliotyped from a large original sludy of Brush Moun¬ 
tain (Bald Eagle Mountain continued southward across the Little Juniata 
River) is also appended, to show the outcrop of the Fossil Ore on that 
part of the property which extends in that direction. But the descriji- 
tion of these Upper Silurian Fossil Ores must be kept separate from my 
discussion of the Lower Silurian Brown Hematites, or Limonites of the 
Nittany Valley. 

GENERAL GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 

The country specially examined in this report covers outcrops of the 
following geological formations, designated by the numbers of the old 
Pennsylvania State Survey, and the names given them by English and 
by New York Geologists. 


No. V. Upper Silurian. 

C Upper, white. 
No. IV. < Middle, red, 

( Lower, grey. 

4 

No. III. Lower Silurian. 

No. II. Lower Silurian. 

No. I. Lower Silurian. 


Clinton Red Shale. 

Medina Sandstone. 
Oneida Conglomerate. 

Hudson River Slate. 

Trenton Limestone. 
Black River Limestone. 
Birdseye Limestone. 
Cliazy Limestone. 
Calciferous Sandstone. 

Potsdam Sandstone. 


The Iron ore horisons described in this report are as follows: 

In No. V. The upper or soft fossil ores. 

The lower or hard fossil ore. 

In No. II. The first horison at the bottom of the Trenton Limestone : 

Pennsylvania Furnace and Spruce Creek ores, and ores of Cale Hollow. 
In No. II. The second horison : the whole Dry Hollow Range of ore 
banks, including Huntingdon Furnace and Dorsey Bank. 

In No. II. The lowest horison, far above the top of the Calciferous : 
the Warrior’s Mark and Lovetown Range and the Pennington Range. 

The dip of the rock, of the whole country exhibited on the map, from 
the foot of Bald Eagle Mountain to the crest of Tussey, is towards the 
S. S. E., with one or two undulations of no great moment. This is plainly 
shown by the three cross sections, figs. 1, 2, 3. 


















































8 


A great fault runs along the foot of Bald Eagle Mountain, and on the 
west side of this fault the same formations are seen descending vertically. 
They then curve sharply, and pass horizontally N. Northwestward under 
the Alleghany Mountains, as shown in diagram section fig. 4. 

This diagram section is constructed from the dips of the Upper 
Silurian, Devonian and Coal Measure rocks, observed on a survey of the 
road from Bald Eagle Furnace up Emigli’s run and Laurel Creek to the 
crest of the Alleghany Mountain. The measurement of the curves of 
the different layers of this upturned mass, taken at every thousand feet, 
as shown in the diagram, result in giving a slope of 50° to 54° to the 
bassett edges of the broken mass. 

It is evident that the upslide of the other section of the broken mass 
has conformed to this slope, and that the uniform dip of 54° ± observ¬ 
able for miles along the S. S. East foot of Bald Eagle Mountain (as repre¬ 
sented in Juniata Section, and Sections AB and CD) is perfectly ex¬ 
plained by the diagram. 

This is the first time, I believe, a solution of this difficult problem in 
structural geology has been reached ; and its bearings upon similar phe¬ 
nomena attending upthrow-faults and broken anticlinals in other regions 
will be noticed by geologists. 

The theoretical deductions from this solution are important. 

It proves that the original fault was in a vertical plane, and not on a 
slant. 

It proves that the lower Silurian Limestone mass has ridden upon this 
slope to a considerable height, probably several miles, in the air above 
the present surface. 

It illustrates the great erosion of the country, amounting to thousands 
of cubic miles of earth crust, including the coal measures (which aie 
preserved on Broad Top, 20 miles to the southeast,) and gives us the 
source of the Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits of New Jersey and 
Delaware. 

It leads me even to suspect the existence of a subterranean range of 
Laurentian Mountains (with their usual magnetic iron ores) at the bottom 
of the fault; this range determining the line of fracture. 

It accounts for the general S. S. E. dip across the whole valley, Tussey 
Mountain, and as far as Huntingdon. 

It assures us that the brown hematite ore beds of the district studied 
in this report belong to rocks of different ages, and are ranged in parallel 
belts according as the formations which carry them descend successively 
(S. S. Eastward,) beneath the present surface. 

It confirms the opinion that the quantity of ore in these belts is not a 
local accident at each of the ore banks, but bears a fixed relation and 
proportion to the outcrop run of the ore-bearing limestones, lengthv ise 
of the valley ; and, therefore, that any estimate of the quantity of ore we 
may make by examining the diggings, must fall short of the actual 
quantity of ore to be mined in future years in this valley. 
































































10 


The original source of the brown hematite iron ores of our Lower 
Silurian limestone valleys has been speculatively sought for without 
sufficient investigation in the field ; and much practical mischief has re- 
sxdted from the errors promulgated. Most persons have looked upon 
them as accidental and local inwaslies from unknown sites. Some have 
more systematically defined them as a residual precipitate from the dis¬ 
seminated iron-sand grains of the surrounding Middle Silurian mountain 
rocks during their erosion. 

All such vague speculations might have been avoided had the results of 
Dr. R. M. S. Jackson’s survey of the Nittany Valley ore beds in 1838 or 
1839 been published by himself. As assistant on the geological survey of 
Pennsylvania he obtained the data necessary for concluding, at that early 
day, that they were deposits in loco originali, of the iron (as hydrated 
peroxide) set free from the limestone or dolomite rocks during their 
gradual erosion and dissolution. 

I have myself, during the last twenty years, had ample opportunities 
for arriving independently at the same conclusion ; and an intelligent 
study and comparison of the aspects of the ores and rocks in our iron ore 
banks will, I think, satisfy any good geologist in the same sense. 

The precise modus operandi of the process is not yet well understood ; 
for it involves chemical considerations not thoroughly worked out. But 
a general statement of the operation can be made w ithout risk of serious 
error. 

The rocks of the Lower Silurian Age were originally sea-muds, com¬ 
posed of rounded grains of dolomite (derived from previously existing 
Laurentian Land), cemented together with a paste of carbonate of lime 
Some of the beds consisted also of rounded grains of quartz. Some of 
the layers were nearly pure carbonate of lime. All contained a larger or 
smaller percentage of iron, lead, zinc and other metals, precipitated 
either chemically, or by the agency of organic beings, from the solutions 
of their carbonates, chlorides, &c., in the river-and sea-waters. The 
orderly explanation of all the chemical and organic features of this 
complicated operation is still to be given to the scientific world. But all 
will agree that the general character of the calcareo-ferruginous muds, 
the sediments of that early geological age must have been much as 
above described. 

During the long Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carbiniferous Ages, 
these Lower Silurian sediments were buried to a depth of over 16,000 feet, 
beneath the later sediments. They remained wet. Their great depth 
raised their temperature 16,000 50 = 320° Farenheit’s thermometer ; 

which added to the mean temperature of the surface, would keep them 
under the influence of a moist heat of nearly 400° F. through what to 
man is a small eternity of time. 

Dr. Gentli’s discovery of the amorphous or gelatinous condition of a 
part of their silica is thus explainable. Varied reactions must have 
ensued. The carbonates of lime and magnesia combined as dolomites, 





Fig. 









































12 


which in part crystallized in rliomboliedral crystals, the forms of which 
we now see, in the outcrops, emptied by dissolution. r l he silica hardened 
(without crystallizing) around these rhombs, so that we see the same 
cavities in it. The iron became peroxydised as fibrous hematite and the 
silica can be obtained by dilute nitric acid also in the same fibrous form. 
All this points to the first formation of the iron ore while the rocks were 
still at a great depth, wet and soft and warm. 

But at the end of the coal era the Middle States rose from the waves 
and have never been covered by the ocean since that time. The edges of 
the Bellefonte Fault stood as a mountain range as high as the Alps (see 
Fig. 4), and the backs of some of the great auticlinals of Pennsylvania 
must have formed plateaus then as high as Thibet and Bootan are now. 

Fig. 5. 



Erosion commenced and has continued through the Permian, JurassiG, 
Cretaceous and Tertiary Ages to the present day, and still goes on. The 
high plateau was gradually worn down to the present surface. Moun¬ 
tains once 30,000 or 40,000 feet high are now but 2,000 or 3,000 above 
sea level. The valleys were excavated as the mountains lowered, and 
the outcrops of the Lower Silurian limestones of Nittany Valley are but 
800 to 1300 feet above tide (see the contour lines of the map). 

This slow erosion gives us the second part of our explanation of the 
brown hematite iron ores. It explains the innumerable caverns and sink 
holes and dry hollows of this Nittany and other limestone valleys. It 
leads us to expect to find traces of such caverns and widened fissures 
and sink holes of the last preceding age, filled up with a wash of clay, 
sand, and iron ore from outcrops lately existing not far above the out¬ 
crops which run along the present surface. 

The erosion now still going on, and the special activity of the last 
























13 


or glacial age, may very well explain that outspread of surface wash-ore 
which makes so large a feature of the case. It may also explain the 
corrugations of the clay and ore strata in these superficial wash-ore de¬ 
posits as represented in Figures 5, G, 7 ; the localities pictured being on 
the line of the railroad near the East Pennington Ore Banks. 

Thus the different theories in vogue among our iron men are harmo¬ 
nised. Each theory has its own basis of truth, its own set of facts, but 
does not embrace all the phenomena. 

Those who contend that the brown hematites lie in pockets are cor¬ 
rect ; but they must confine the assertion to that part of the ore which 
now occupies former caverns and fissures and sink-holes. 

Those who contend that the brown hematites are surface washes caught 
by the accidental variations of the earth’s surface, are correct; but they 


Fig. 6. 



Summit Cab r in Siena colored Wash-Ore f exhibiting 
ezaJUTrv (?) clctrrU pulverised Calcif; S. S. 

must limit the application of their theory to banks which show rolled 
gravel and rolled ore, and a confused and mingled mass of ore and 
sand and clay. 

A third view is equally correct and much more important. It must be 
accepted as probable, that in spite of later movements, and in addition 
to cavern-deposit ores, and surface-wash ores, there are interstratified 
beds of brown hematite, still in their original places, although not in 
their original condition, descending with the general slope of the forma¬ 
tions between undissolved limestone, dolomite and sandstone rocks to 
undetermined depths, and ranging lengthwise of the district, so that 
rows of ore-banks can be and have been opened in continuous belts of 










































14 


many miles length, and on continuous outcrops of ore ground of every 
conceivable variety of character, quality and quantity. 

It is provable by reference to sections Figures 1, 2, 3, and other illus¬ 
trative drawings in this report, that there exists several of these belts ; 
representing different geological horisons ; and due to an extra charge of 
iron given, we know not how, to sediments of different ages. As, on a 
grand scale iron-bearing rocks occur at various stages of the column of 
palaeozoic rocks from No. I, Potsdam S. S., to No. XII, Coal Measures, 
—so, within the narrower limits of one subdivision of this column, viz., 
in the Lower Silurian system, iron bearing rocks occur at various stages, 
separated by from 500 to 2000 feet. These have already been stated. 

Fig. 7. 



Summit CUcn OJa she re wit/ Ore -streaks One foot thUk. 


The measurements will be given in my Detailed Description of the Ore 
Banks, and no repetition of them is here necessary.* I will only give in 
tabular form the thickness of the Lower Silurian Limestone formation 


so far as visible and as measured along Warrior’s Mark Hun :— 

Hudson River Slates. feet. 

Trenton Limestone, &c. 2500 

Pennsylvania Furnace and Cale Hollow Ore Banks : 

Interval of Limestones. 700 

Huntingdon Furnace Ore Banks : 

Interval of Limestones. 550 

Pipe-ore Range near Toll-gate : 

Interval of Limestones. 1500 

Pennington, Town, Lovetown Banks : 

Interval of Limestones. 3000 

The edge of the Fault stops further measurement downwards : _ 

Total visible thickness of Limestones. 7750 


* Soe No. 31, Huntingdon Furnace Banks. 























Practical Value of tiie Ores. 

Hi., experience of sixty years has dem nstrated the exact values of the 
blown hematite iron ores of all the Lower Silurian Valleys of Pennsyl¬ 
vania : on the Lehigh ; in the Great or Cumberland Valley ; in Kisliico- 
quilis Valley; in Morrison’s Cove, Canoe and Nittany Valleys. 

The general resemblance of ores from all the Banks is striking. The 
locil variations are still more striking. The key to those variations was 
only got when the true geological theory of structure was studied out. 
But it is still a perplexing question why red-short, cold-short and ncutial 
oies should lie so near each other. There is scarcely an ore bank in 
I ennsylvania in which the chemist will not find some infusion of sulphur 
and phosphorus. But some ores have l een so slightly charged with one 
or other, or both of these elements, that they rank in the first class. 

Others are so heavily charged, that they are useless for Bessemer work ; 
take a low rank as anthracite or coke iron ores ; and only make good pig- 
metal when smelted in small quantities, with charcoal and a feeble cold- 
blast. 

This is especially true of those of the lowest geological horison < r 
oldest in age, belonging to rocks of Pitsdam age, rocks which rise upon 
the flanks of the South Mountain. Fortunately, these ores nowhere reach 
the surface in Nittany Valley, being buried in the jaws of the Bellefonte 
Fault. Even the Pennington horison is too high for these ores. 

The consequence is, that most of the ores of the district under notice 
here yield a practically neutral ore and make the best possible iron in 
cold blast charcoal furnaces, and good iron with the hot blast, and min¬ 
eral fuel. The appended analyses of Dr. Gentli will make this fact evi¬ 
dent. 

Phosphorus, however, is found in all known Silurian Brown Hematite 
ores (with some rare exceptions) in quantity enough to pi event the man¬ 
ufacture of steel. But in some cases mixture with other ores will rectify 
the ore. In other respects the per centage of phosphorus is too small 
to do hurt. Dr. Genth’s analyses will give the figures in this case also. 

The reputation of Pennsylvania iron was greatly made at Pennsylvania 
Furnace. Its quality could not be surpassed. Neither the older Swedish, 
nor the best English, when English iron was still good, nor the nun 
recent magnetite pig-metal of Lake Champlain and Missouri, have ex¬ 
celled it; and it shared this reputation with furnaces smelting similar 
ores. 

There are parts of the deposit in almost every Bank, which are sandy 
and lean. These have been hitherto fastidiously rejec'ed by the charcoal 
coal blast furnaces of the district. Such ores are, however, in demand 
for our anthracite and coke furnaces, and the ever-increasing market for 
them will require the mining of the whole. I believe that carefully se¬ 
lected ore from these banks will even furnish iron fit for Bessemer use. 


16 


Probable Quantiiy ok Ore. 

Estimates of the quantity of Brown Hematite Ores are among the 
most uncertain of all earthly things. Hence I give special statements of 
the size of excavation and prisms of ore ground in sight for each of the 
ore banks, in the chapter of this Report devoted to their local description. 

The surface ore wash is of various depths from 1 to 30 feet. The 
breadth of surface covered is sometimes but a few yards ; sometimes 
several hundred yards. Intervals occur where all traces of surface ore 
vanish fro n the belt. 

The thickness of the underlying clays varies from a few feet to a hundred 
and more. Sometimes these clays are loaded with scattered pieces of 
ore, tine or coarse ; at others they do not show a trace of ore. Some¬ 
times the mass of clay is interstratitied with layers of rock ore yielding 
richly. 

'Phe rock-ores and pipe-ores, bedded or in packets, under the clays are 
also excessively irregular, and nothing but actual mining can teach us 
the quantities concealed. 

But any one who reads carefully the following descriptions of the ore 
banks taken up in succession, must arrive at the conclusion, that the 
Rad way line connecting the ore deposits of Nittany Valley with Western 
Pennsylvania over Tyrone, and w r ith Eastern Pennsylvania over Lewis- 
burg, will have within the limits of my map, at its command for freight 
to distant iron works, many millions of tons of prepared ore of the 
choicest character. 

One of the most noticeable features in the iron history of this district 
(and of others similar) has been denials of the existence of any ore just 
where the deposits were proved by subsequent diggings to be most copi¬ 
ous, and predictions of the speedy exhaustion of ore banks which 
steadily grew in magnitude and richness as the excavations spread. .The 
history of Pennsylvania Furnace Bank affords a notable instance, and 
not an isolated one. 

There are not less than 100,000 linear yards of ore belt on my map. If 
the ore were continuous, and only 50 yards wide by 10 deep, we should 
have 50,000,000 cubic yards of ore ground. If only one-tentli of this 
were ore, we have 5,000,000 cubic yards of ore. It only needs to look at 
the number, breadth and depth of the diggings, and their distribution 
on the map, and to remember that none are noted there but the princi¬ 
pal cuts ; that large spaces of ore belt have for various reasons never 
been explored ; that in some the ore is seen going down to unknown 
depths; and that in all the banks water has stopped w r ork—to appreciate 
the inadequacy of the above calculation. 

Special Descriptions. 

I postpone further economical considerations to introduce here the data 
upon which what I have written above is founded. The situation and 
character of the principal mines, are given succinctly, but sufficiently in 
detail to permit others to form their own opinions. 


17 


THE PENNINGTON RANGE. 

Cross section A B, fig. 2, shows the ore-bearing limestones at the Pen¬ 
nington Banks dipping northwest , and the hard limestones in the quarries 
on Logan’s Creek dipping also northwest 23° to 27°, increasing (as we 
descend the creek) to 90°, and in some places overturned; then, rising at 
53°, 54° (S. E. dip), to shoot over the Bald Eagle Mountain. 

Cross section A B shows the same ore-bearing limestones at a point on 
the road to Huntingdon Furnace, a mile and a quarter southeast of the 

Fig. 8. 



Banks, and on the opposite side of the Ridge, dipping gently southeast , 
and making a strong outcrop of ore ground. 

These are our elements of structure. Taken in connection with those 
of the Little Juniata River section, fig. 1, the geology is evident. There 
is a low anticlinal arch in the Pennington Ridge, and a sharply plicated 
little synclinal trough in the Valley of Logan’s Creek. 















18 


The Pennington ore rocks descend into and beneath Logan’s Creek 
Valley, at first slowly, then steeply, at last vertically, and before reaching 
the surface again on the other side of the little synclinal, are cut ofi by 
the great fault, and are sent down by it to a depth of many thousand 
feet beneath Bald Eagle Mountain. 

On section line C D, fig. 3, no such structure appears ; consequently 
the little Logan’s Creek synclinal does not range away-northeastward 
along the foot, but cuts across more northward into the fiank of Bald 
Eagle Mountain.* 

As for the Pennington Ridge anticlinal, it loses itself in the hill north 
of Warrior Mark Village, and in the great fault further on. Obscure 
dipsf of 75° to 80° (N. W.) are seen in calc, sandstone at 500 yards north¬ 
west of the village, and 80° (N. W.) in blue limestone, at 450 yards 
further up Warrior Run ; but the universal slant in the country, from 
here onwards, is southeast; all the outcrops beyond or northeastward of 
Warrior Mark Village belong to the southeast side of Pennington Ridge.}: 

The Pennington Bank ore range is therefore a short one, whereas the 
'next ore-range to the south of it runs continuously through Warrior 
Mark Village and Love Town for ten miles within the limits of our 
Map. 

The Pennington ore rocks are also of an older age than those of many 
other banks in the Valley, as the sections show. They belong rather to 
the lower than to the middle division of the Great Limestone Formation. 
The Pennsylvania, Hostler, and other banks on the Spruce Creek side 
belong to the middle division. Any coustant difference of quality ob¬ 
servable between the ores is of course to be ascribed principally to this 
fact, viz.: that the ore bearing rocks being deposited in two successive 
ages, and therefore under different conditions, their present dissolubility 
and receptivity (as regards soluble salts of phosphorus, sulphur, &c.), 
have bestowed on them peculiarities of individual character. 

I consider it possib e that the Pennington Range corresponds in age 
with the Bloomfield ore range, in Morrison’s Cove, thirty miles to the 
south. 

The Pennington Range proper consists of a line of outcrops commenc¬ 
ing about two miles from the Juniata River, and extending two miles to 
the railroad, a mile west of Warrior’s Mark Village. The northwest face 
of Pennington Ridge is covered with wasli-ore to a variable depth, below 
which lie sheets, belts, and masses of rock ore, between ribs of still un¬ 
dissolved siliceous limerock. The more argillaceous lime beds have left 
intercalated sheets of white clay. 

* The Map shows how it swings the mountain a little out of its otherwise straight 

- course, and also how Logan s Creek takes its head just where its synclinal terminates in 
the mountain slope. 

t The cross cleavage of the rocks near the fault makes the direction and strength of 

- these dips doubtful. They look like 30° to 60° (S. E.) 

1 As will he abundantly evident to any one travelling along the road from Warrior 
Mark to Love Town. 


19 


No. 1. The Old or East Pennington Bank, supplied Bald Eagle 
l 1 urnace with stock for many years. The ore was hauled about four miles 
°vei the mountain. It was chiefly got from the large open-cut shown in 
Local Map, fig. 8; hut also from underground gangways following the 
ore down the dip (1ST. W.) beneath a clay covering; and from shafts sunk 
on that side, tunnels or rooms being driven from the bottoms of the shafts 
irregularly in every direction at the caprice of uneducated miners, who 
groped always in the dark, without correct geological ideas to guide them, 
following what they imagined to be the thickest beds and belts of the 

Fig. 9. 



best ore, and leaving all the rest to stand and be covered up again by the 
annual tumbling in of their shallow works. Most of these miners were 
Irish laborers paid by the ton. Water invariably stopped them, and 
limited the range of workings to a comparatively narrow belt down hill. 
The great deposits of ore unquestionably lying to the deep (N. W.) are 
unexplored. Neither maps nor notes of the old works exist. 


















20 


Fig. 9 is a reduced copy of maps made by Mr. H. V. Bocking, mining 
manager of the Company, to show the position of shafts and direction ol 
tunnels executed under his direction, in a more systematic way. 

At the east end of the Old Bank, Mr. Bocking did much sinking on 
lower ground. One old shaft which had been abandoned at the depth 
of 30 feet on account of water, he sunk 30 feet deeper to the sandstone 
tloor of the ore, which drained the mine. A cross-cut from this shaft 75 
feet long struck the ore descending (N. W.) but where it was nearly 
level. Galleries were then driven and much ore won in an irregular way. 
But the heavy spring rains of 1857 fdled the works to the top of the 
shaft. At this time the large deposit at McAtear’s (West Pennington) 
Bank was discovered. In 1865 a new shaft was sunk, in a dry season, a 
little north of the caved-in works, reaching the bottom of the ore at 45 
feet. The shaft was 60 feet deep, and a steam-pump kept it dry by two 
or three hours work per day. A good vein of ore had been abandoned (on 
account of water) in a smaller open cut, near the last mentioned shaft, 
with only 3 or 4 feet of dirt covering to the ore. 

That the rich deposits of ore in the old open cut pass down northwest¬ 
ward, in irregular but continuous floors and layers between the clays, 
was proven by galleries driven by Mr. Bocking west from the pump-shaft, 
see fig. 9. He describes these galleries as driven in wavy ore, meeting 
several good bodies of ore. No pillar mining was done, as the sinkings 
were merely tentative. 

In all this no account is made of anything but the better streaks of 
hard lump or rock ore, which alone a small charcoal furnace is willing to 
smelt. Great quantities of saleable ore and wasli-ore are ignored. 

My assistant, Mr. Franklin Platt, obtained the following imformation 
on the ground while making his map :— 

Beginning at the Railroad, the first and smaller pit (now filled with 
water) 70 yards long, by 15 wide and 5 deep, yielded about 5000 cubic 
yards of wasli-ore, without any solid lump ore. Shaft No. 1, sunk near 
it, (N. W.) is said to have passed through 


1. Top wash-ore.15 feet. 

2. Rich lump-ore. 5 “ 

3. Clay with little or no ore.25 “ 

4. Good lump-ore.15 “ 


the bottom not reported. Shaft No. 2, (W.) had lean wasli-ore on top ; 
clay to 40 feet; good lump-ore thence to bottom at 50 feet. 

The main open cut is 230 yards long, with an average width of 35 
yards, as shown in fig. 8 ; depth from 5 to 8 yards. ^Vasli-ore, sometimes 
lean, forms the wall of the pit, from the surface to an apparent depth of 
15 feet. A shaft midway of the eastern edge, “struck a layer of ferro¬ 
manganese ore, 5 feet thick, at a depth of 15 feet.” 

Two-thirds of the distance from the southern to the northern end of 
the pit, a massive crop of half decomposed calciferous sandrock charged 
with moie or less of ore, juts from the wall, dipping gently northwest. 






21 


Some of this rock is genuine iron ore ; the rest ferriferous or merely 
ferruginous sandrock. The excavated ore lay over, under and around 
this rock, having been freed from other similarly dipping, but more 
ferriferous and more dissoluble strata.* It is a place where the genesis 
of our brown hematites may be studied to advantage. 

Ore was found in some of the shafts to the south-west of the main open 
cut. 

The whole N. E. and S. W. extent of this uninterrupted expanse of 
wash ore, from the railway track to the shafts last mentioned, is about 
500 yards, and its width, say, 100 yards. A considerable percentage may 
be too lean to wasli.f Estimating the depth of soft and hard ore at 
10 yards, we have 500,000 cubic yards. Rejecting one half for leanness, 
we are safe in supposing 250,000 cubic yards of ore in sight. 

• Fig. 10. 



No. 2. The West Pennington Banks. An interval of half a mile 
separates this open cut from the East Pennington Banks last described.^ 
The railroad, curving across a slight hollow in the side of the ridge, 
see local map, fig. 3, approaches within two hundred yards of the north 

* The strike of this rock is across the open cut, here very narrow. The ore of the 
northern end of the cut is therefore above these rocks, and that of the southern portion 
of the cut belongs below these rocks. 

f The “black ore,’ which is very rich, is in some places abundant; in other places it 
becomes very thin. 

X Mr. Bucking, speaking of this interval, says that after passing a low place at Mc- 
Atear’s, the main body of good ore was discovered in 1857, at the surface, on ground into 
which old pits had been sunk, the miners having previously condemned the whole local¬ 
ity. The very rich deposit then discovered lay higher up the slope of the ridge, and 
had thus been entirely missed. ♦ 

Mr. Platt remarks : “ What the original shape of the ore on the face of this ridge was, 
it is now hard to say ; but the two Pennington ore deposits are at present separate and 
distinct, not necessarily connected in any way. I presume that the original limits 
embraced them both, and much of the ore lying between them which is now gone.” 

This agrees with what is seen at the Pennsylvania Ore Banks, to be described here¬ 
after, and it is a strong argument in favor of the wholly outcrop character of these 
brown hematite deposits. On the other hand, the ore has never been properly followed 
to the deep, and the distance in that direction to which the dissolution of the ferriferous 
limestones and the precipitation of peroxide of iron has extended is unknown. 


















22 


wall of the excavation, see tig. 11, which is 180 yards long, by 40 wide on 
an average, and shows nothing but wash ore in its banks. Its very ir¬ 
regular depth may be called 10 yards ; water standing in the floor. 

This cut was worked to a depth of 40 feet during seven years, and 
yielded richly. The first maps are lost. Mr. Booking’s underground 
works on the north wall, commenced in 1865, are represented by his 
Local Map, fig. 12, and thus described by him :— 

An old whin shaft was pumped out, and pillars robbed. The galleries 
then caved in, and work stopped. Ore can still be reached from other 
shafts, two of which are timbered. One body of ore lies between the old 
cut and the underground works. It is not very rich, but is “good 
natured,” and mixes well with more refractory ores. Another body of 
good rich ore remains standing to the deep of the works, and has a heavy 
covering. Another body of very good ore, fifteen feet thick, occupies a 
trough below the level of the pump-shaft, estimated at say 500 tons. 
Shaft 5 has ore around it. Shaft 4 is in a fair vein of rock ore. The 
deposit at shaft 8 is variable, and part of it stands. Old cuts and pits 
show that the deposit runs on southwestward. 

That the ore extends northwards is shown by the late railway cutting 
200 yards north of the open cut (see fig. 10), where ten feet of wash ore 
is seen overlying white and red clays. 

Seventy yards southwest of the main open cut is another, 110 yards 
long, 15 wide, and 8 deep (13,200 cubic yards), nothing now showing but 
wash-ore in the side walls. It was originally much deeper, slides having 
partially filled it. 

Three hundred yards west of the main open cut is the Old Phillips 
Bank, 100 X ^ X ® yards (18,000 cabic yards), full of water. It was 
once deep, and drained by a tunnel, the mouth of which is shown on the 
Map (fig. 10), 140 yards from its west end. 

Calling the length of ground occupied by these three open cuts, with 
their imperfect underground workings, 400 yards, and its breadth 100 
yards, and assigning an average depth of ten yards for wash and lump- 
ore, we get an original mass of 400,000 cubic yards, one-half of which 
may be considered rich and accessible enough to work to advantage. 

But it must be considered that this Pennington Range of deposits 
shows a much stronger tendency to develop lean layers and sandy masses 
than the Dry hollow, Red, or Gatesburg Ranges, hereafter to be described. 
Estimates of workable quantities are, therefore, hazardous. We are here 
geologically at the bottom of the limestones,, and close on the top of the 
“ calciferous sand-rock ” formation, which accounts for the tendency to 
sand-rock and sandy ore exhibited in these banks. 

Of the old Phillips bank Mr. Booking says that it holds purplish easy 
smelting ore, mixed with clay, and without discernible regular veins. 
Quantities of wash-ore can be got here ; but dry screening is impractica¬ 
ble. 

This gives the key to the problem of the future. The near presence of 


the railway makes systematic mining along this range a very different 
allaii from the “ground hogging” of the surface hitherto pursued, un- 

Fig. 11. 


i 


i 

systematic, wasteful and costly as it of course was. A regular stoping 
of the deposit on a large scale and the washing of all the ore ground 
must yield a profitable revenue. 








































































24 


Mr. John W. Harden, an experienced Superintendent of mines, con¬ 
siders the extensive dry tailings, which cover the slope to the north of 
the cuts, oipable of being profitably washed, while being got out of the 
way of future open cuts. 

Traditional accounts of such old ore mines as these are to be credited 
with due caution and large allowances. But they have their value. It is 
of great importance, then, that shafts of over a hundred feet have been 
repeatedly sunk along this range ; for they are proofs that experience has 
justified them ; proofs that bodies of ore had been found lying very deep 
beneath the surface. The open cuts exhibited by the maps (figs. 8 and 10) 
were once very deep and were stopped by water, as has been the case 
with all the ore banks of these valleys. The miners were always driven from 
fine beds of rich rock-ore by the influx of water which they had no ade¬ 
quate machinery to keep under. We can easily believe it therefore, when 
we are told that in the Old Pennington Bank a floor of massive rock-ore 
from 8 to 10 feet deep underlies 50 feet of a covering, consisting of wash 
ore and scattered lump ore intercalated between white variegated sandy 
clays ; and that in the West or New Pennington banks the deposit con¬ 
sists of a surface soil with a little ore 5 to 10 feet thick ; then wash ore in- 
terstratified with layers and masses of white, brown and red tight clays 
and loose sands from 50 to 80 feet, and a floor of red rock ore underlying 
all. 

My own belief is that when pumping machinery of adequate power 
comes to be applied to these deposits, and an approved system of mining 
adopted, many hundred thousand tons of ore will be raised and sent to 
the eastern furnaces at a living profit. 

The southwestward extent of the deposits is unknown. But on the 
southwest of the ravine and hill spur beyond it a pipe-ore and a good 
deal of “barren ore” mark the continuation of the Penninyton outcroj) 
through I). Bronstetter’s fields, and then across Gyer’s farm. It is cut 
by a gap ; and then is again visible crossing Weight’s farm, and (on the 
west land line) reaching to the hill-top. Hence to the Juniata it is hard 
to trace ; but becomes visible again -west of the river in Sinking Valley. 

No. 3. Beck Bank (marked “nameless” by mistake in the Key 
Ust on the large map). 

The eastward extent of the Pennington deposit has not been carefully 
explored ; but at the entrance of a R. R. cut, half a mile east of the Old 
Pennington Bank, Huntingdon furnace mined ore 10 years ago. This 
Bank shows 40X20X5=4000 cubic yards of excavation, with water in 
the floor, and wash ore walls, rather lean in quality and quantity, as now 
visible. 

No. 4. New Town Bank, also called Beck’s (and so designated on 
the large map), lies 1§ mile east of Old Pennington Bank, and was 
worked for Bald Eagle furnace, and abandoned for want of pumps to 


25 


Fig. 12. 



















keep down water, “good ore being left standing in the floor.” In the 
woods behind Beck’s and Aid’s fields, north of it, small shafts were 
once sunk on fine sized ore. In Beck’s Bank wash ore is seen in the 
walls, showing rather lean. At present there is not much evidence of 
the presence of a considerable deposit, and no encouragement is felt for 
looking for it. 

The road to Warrior’s Mark Village descends to Warrior’s Run, past 
New Town Bank, which seems to be the remains of a surface deposit 
once covering the flat top of the Pennington Ridge Anticlinal. It is the 
only mine on this southeast dipping outcrop that has ever been opened 
west of Warrior’s Run. But, that the ore belt extends in that direction, 
towards the Juniata, is proved by the heavy outcrop of ore ground, shown 
on the large map and on Cross Section A B, fig. 2, If miles due south of 
the Old (east) Pennington Bank. 

The vein of ore pursued by those who worked the New Town Bank is 
described as small and irregular in thickness, and not traced successfully 
downhill and westward ; but much coarse ore covers the ground in Jer. 
Berk’s fields, on which the Furnace had no right to enter ; slight shaft¬ 
ings showed small veins of ore. Further west also, in Adelberger’s fields, 
some ore was raised ; and outcroppings occur on P. Cooken’s farm. 

Warrior’s Mark and Loyetown Range. 

From Warrior’s Run, north-eastward we have almost a continuous 
series of shafts and open cuts for a good many miles ; viz : 

Old Town Bank (V) is f mile east of Warrior Run ; Eomberger’s Bank 
(VI) If miles ; Hannah Bank (VII) If miles; Waite’s Bank, 2f miles; 
Lloyd Braunstetter’s Bank (IX) 2§ miles (with pipe ore outcrops 
to the south of it) ; Disputed Bank, 4f miles, (X) ; Hannah Furnace 
Bank, 5 miles ; Hannah Furnace and Beck Banks half a mile north of 
the last two, and less than a mile west of Lovetown ; the pipe ore out¬ 
crops half a mile south of Lovetown ; croppings near the sawmill, 2 
miles east of Lovetown; Hannah Furnace Bank and Bryan Bank, 2§ 
miles east of Lovetown, and the Curtin Bank 5 miles east of Lovetown, 
and 11 miles from Warrior’s Run. 

The ores of these Banks, when rich, are black or dark colored, much of 
it of a pitch-like lustre, and often inclining to cold-short in quality. Dr. 
Genth’s analyses in my appendix will give their chemical constitution. 
When lean, they are of a lighter color, brown, or liver colored ; clay pre¬ 
dominating over sand in the deposit, as compared with the Pennington 
ores proper. Some of them may occupy a slightly higher geological posi¬ 
tion, being still further removed from the upper layers of the Calciferous 
Sandrock, and lying, therefore, still more in the body of the Trenton 
Group* of Limestones. 

* See sections A B and G D. The Trenton Limestone proper, of the New York 
Geologists is considered to be the top member of the Trenton group. Our ores are far 
below it, and in the lower members ol the group, viz. the Chazy, Bird’s Eye and Black 
River Limestones. 


27 


No. 5. Old Town * Banks, are shown on Local Map, (fig. 13,) ; 
two old open cuts, one on each side of the main road, and groups of 
shafts, principally north of the road. There is a decided ore-show on 
the surface for 470 yards. Opposite the new church, an old shaft reached 
a maximum depth of 110 feet, touching “a vein of ore.” (Booking.) 
Contradictory accounts are now given of this work. Some say, that 
the quantity of ore was enormous, timbers 30 feetf long being used to 
support the chambers, the ore dipping steeply N. W. ; and that massive 

Figs. 13, 14. Fig. 17. 



ore stands in the sides and at the bottom of the deserted mine. Others 
say, that the ore mass, 25 feet thick, descended vertically with undimin¬ 
ished size when the shaft was abandoned. It is may be a deposit in 
one of the ancient caverns or cross fissures of the Limestone Formation. 

Shafts sunk to depths of 30 and 50 feet sometimes w r ent through clays 
without ore. Mr. Booking sunk one 80 feet deep to find a mass of ore 
said to exist between three old shafts, but found nothing. The surface 
wash ore is sometimes only 2 or 3 feet deep ; in other places 20 feet. No 

* Called Town Bank, on the Local Map. 

j- The rocks of the neighborhood dip 25° to 35° S. E. 

























28 


estimate of quantity is possible with such information. The visible area 
measures about 07,500 square yards.* 

A little pipe ore has been found higher up the hill north of the road. 

Regular and progressive stoping from the south-west, along the belt, 
may produce large results in the future. But the oreless clay of great 
thickness intervening between the surface wash and the deep hard ore 
will make mining expensive. 

No. 6. Rumbarger’s Bank, (Local Map, fig. 14,) is an open cut in 
the south bank of the east branch of Warrior’s Run, the surface of the 
ground only rising 6 feet above the bed of the stream. 

A cross-road separates the excavation into two ; that on the southwest, 
40 X 40 X 10 yards deep ; that on the northeast, 30 X 30 X 13 yards 
deep ; 25,000 <ubic yards in all. These pits reached a depth of 40 feet, 
wholly in wasli-ores and clays, without striking solid limestone. The 
rock ore left in the bottom when the work was drowned out, is reported 
to be less abundant than that found above it. But as the ore streaks 
“dipped fast to the southeast,” and the limestone out-crops of the 
neighborhood dip from 22° to 34° in that same direction, (see Large Map,) 
good mining will probably yield well. Plenty of good ore has been won 
here, and nothing blit the lack of pumping machinery stopped the win¬ 
ning. Thos. Funk worked the Banks at one time for the Milesburg 
Company. 

The ore belt passes on eastward under Is. Buck’s (now Smith’s) lands, 
where Messrs. Green of Barree raised ore, but took no sufficient means 
for establishing a mine. 

Thence it enters and underlies S. Hanna’s farm, with its numerous 
ponds and sink holes, full of promise for the future. 

A mine for Bellefoute Iron Works has just been opened (August, 1873,) 
at a point 300 yards northeast of Rumbarger’s Banks, (see Local Map, 
fig 14,) where a very heavy outcrop exists. Every cubic yard is washed 
profitably. The cut is yet only 4 or 5 feet deep. 

As a heavy surface show extends 150 yards beyond Hannah Bank, we 
have here an area of 450 X 50 = 2250 yards of wash ore of undetermined 
depth ; besides the rock ore undoubtedly existing further down. 

Mining and washing will here be cheap, and the railway runs along the 
hillside at a distance of 200 yards, and at an elevation of 35 feet, (fig. 14). 

Further on, the surface show is slight, or wholly wanting,j- until we 
reach the next excavation. 

No. 8. Waite Banks, shown in Local Map, fig. 15, consist of two 
pits, 100 X 2b X 7, and 90 X 20 X 7 = 26,000 cubic yards, in size, 

* Ore is found in the soil of PetershoiFs farm on the south of the Town Banks. There 
is an old digging on theHyskel (B. M. Thompson) farm; and further west outcroppings 
on Thom. Gano’s, whose trial pit on a small vein near his orchard was stopped by water- 
lively outcroppings show in several fields up the slope of Dry Hollow ridge. 

t A shallow pit 14 mile from Hannah Bank yielded some ore. The Waite Bank is 
400 yards northeast of this shaft. 


29 


more than 20 feet depth of good-looking wash ore being seen in the sides, 
and much lump-ore having been won by still deeper shafts in the inter¬ 
vening ground. The entire ore prism must therefore exceed 150,000 
cubic yards. The Railroad is a mile distant. 

No. 9. Braunstetter’s, or the McGlathery Bank, is situated 
about 1200 yards beyond (jST. E. of) the Waite Banks, and the interval 
shows little on the surface; yielded only some lean ore to one or two trial 


Figs. 15, 16. Figs. 18, 19. 



pits. This Bank, (see Local Map, fig. 18,) is only 30 X 20 X 10 = 6000 
cubic yards large. It is said to have been worked to a depth of 40 or 50 
feet, but is now fallen in and full of water, and no one seems to know 
much about it. Overlying Limestones crop out 150 yards southeast of 
it, dipping 27° S. 43° E. 

Further on is the old Disputed Bank, on the high divide, between 
Warrior and Half Moon waters. Here are several small shallow open- 
cuts and shafts in surface ore; but no deep mining has ever been attempted. 
The ore seems to dip south, and is sandy. The crop traced westward, 
becomes good and plenty on Jos. Bronstetter’s farm, who has never made 






























30 


judicious trials of the deposit, and through the hollow leading to Patton s 
(now Waite’s) and the Lloyd Bank, above mentioned. 

No. 10. The Lovetown Banks, consist of numerous open-cuts 
and shafts from which large quantities of ore have been extracted 
and extensive preparations are in progress for regular mining of this 
important part of the ore field. The principal outcrop occupies a 
vale watered by a small branch of Half-moon. The old shafts of 
Abram Love were stopped by the influx of water. Pipe ore is visible near 
Love’s barn. Haifa mile west is an old “exhausted” Hannah Furnace 
Bank. On the north slope of the ridge west of Love’s, ponds and sink¬ 
holes abound. Hannah Furnace had a Bank in David Berk’s fields, and 
abandoned a good deposit of ore in its floor, merely on account of water. 
Surrounding shafts were also sunk, but no pumps were ever planted. A 
few hundred yards west of the open-cut, some of these shafts went 
through a pretty good “top vein” into a regular deposit 20 feet beneath 
the surface. Southwest of this other shafts were sunk for the Milesburg 
Company, in Abed. Stevens’ fields, in good rich, sandy, black ore, close 
under the sod, the poorer clay ores lying down on the limestone foot of 
the hill. South of this, John Stine gathered much loose heavy ore from 
his fields, and hauled it to Bald Eagle Furnace, many years ago ; but 
no sinkings were done. The outcrop is noticeable in Jos. Bronstetter’s 
lane (leading to Wrye Bank) and in his fields on Cronister’s line. 

The Lovetown Banks are shown on Local Map, fig. 20, occupying two 
vales, descending eastward to the Half Moon Hun, at the mill-dam. 

A rib of solid blue limestone strata, dipping S. 30° E. > 5G° to 57°, 
forms a low hill, up the south slope of wr icli the wash-ore rides on to the 
fiat summit. Natural ponds occupy, at points, the beds of the two vales. 

The north line of the Love property commences near the Beck Banks, 
and runs down the northern vale to the corner of the mill-dam. The ore 
has been open-cut at Station 37, 165 yards west of where this line crosses 
the road. This once deeper old cut is now only ten feet deep, showing in its 
walls liver-colored, somewhat lean, wash-ore. West of it is a series of 
shafts for 450 yards, formerly sunk 60 or 80 feet (without timbering) until 
water was reached, and after a little side-drifting, abandoned. Hannah 
Funace ran for some time entirely on the ore got in this primitive fashion 
from these holes. In one of them (St. 39) pipe-ore was found. Nothing 
more is now known of them. They are evidently on a continuation of 
the Beck Bank deposit, the result of decomposition of ore-bearing strata 
underlying the rib of blue limestone at Station 56. 

The rest of the ore on the property belongs to the series of rocks above 
the blue limestone, and to the southern vale. 

The first shafts are sunk near Love’s house. Shaft A struck ore at 35 
feet; B, pipe-ore at 35 feet. Ore has recently been found southeast of A, 
on the foot of the opposite hill. 

From Station 44 there extends east and southeast down across the 


Fig. 20. 































































32 


bottom of the vale, and west and southwest along the hill-slopes and hill¬ 
top, a universal surface deposit of wash-ore. In this area are numerous 
old shafts, pits, and open-cuts, and some new shafts sunk this summer 
and fall. The old works were always abandoned on striking water at 
various depths down to 80 feet, and are now filled up, and no records 
preserved. Much ore was certainly mined from them.' 

The new shafts show that from 8 to 15 feet of wash-ore in clay under¬ 
lies the surface at the depth of a few feet, and that under the yellow and 
white clays there lie separate deposits of ore-lumps, the geographical in¬ 
tervals being barren. There seems to be no regularity of the ore layers. 

The old shaft at Station 48 is said to have passed through twelve feet 
of surface wash, then (ore-bearing?) clays to a depth of 80 feet, into 
lump-ore, which was mined for several feet, and left in the bottom when 
water stopped the works. The new shaft, only ten yards southwest of 
the old shaft, is down 80 feet, and found no ore in the clays. The ore 
got seems rich and rounded, as if water-worn. 

It may be safe to give twelve feet of wasli-ore to the whole area, under 
which are hard ores, yielding sometimes richly and sometimes nothing. 

The surface ore extends 850 yards along the top of the hill. Most of 
the pits were shallow, but one at Station 59 is said to have been 115 feet 
deep through wash- and lump-ore, with ore left in the bottom. 

The general appearance of the deposit is the same as at the Dry Hollow 
and Wrye Banks.* No regularly interstratified ore is noticeable. No 
estimate of quantity can be relied on. Taking only the area of heavy 
surface show, and calling it 850 X 300 yards, and the depth twelve feet, 
we have 1,020,000 cubic yards of seemingly good wash stuff, which, at 3 
cubic yards to the ton, gives 340,000 tons. 

To this must be added the very uncertain quantities here and there 
scattered through the under clays. As these have been sometimes locally 
considerable, it is possible that one or two or even three hundred thou¬ 
sand may thus be obtained. As the principal part of the lump-ore is 
evidently at the bottom of the clays, no knowledge of the quantity can 
be got until systematic mining reveals the truth. 

Wash-ore ground here must be considered as the main reliance for the 
present. Washing here is easy ; abundance of water is struck at 50 or 60 
feet, and there is plenty of room for settling dams. The railroad line, 
adopted for a branch to the main railroad, rises one mile on a 92 feet 
gradient, and descends one mile on a 46 feet gradient. 

The ore has a much more extensive range than that above described, 
for Mr. Fisher has opened three small pits on ore just beyond the north¬ 
eastern property line ; and the Beck Banks show that it passes south- 
westward into the adjoining properties in that direction also. 

An analysis of Lovetown ore, from the large pit at Station 49, fig. 20, 
made at my instance by Mr. Persifor Frazer, Jr., Professor of Chemistry in 
the University of Pennsylvania, shows a percentage of phosphorus low 

* Hereafter to be described. 


enough to bring this ore within the limits of safe use in the manufacture 
of iron for the Bessemer process. The specific gravity of the specimens 
was 3 52. The calculated percentage of metallic iron was 45.36 ; alumina 
16.53 ; silica 6.63 ; lime 0.58 ; sulphur 0.04 ; and phosphoric acid 0.05. 

Between Lovetown and Stormstown (a distance of 3£ miles) no ore is 
visible near Bald Eagle mountain, although considerable quantities of 
ore lie in the fields just northeast of Lovetown; but on a line parallel 
with the mountain, and about a mile from its base, in a hollow leading 
from one branch to the other of Half Moon Run, a very fine outcrop 


Figs. 21, 22. Figs. 23, 24. 



range of tolerably big pieces of ore, closely covering the surface, runs 
past the sawmill. It leads directly to the two Bryan Banks, and is there¬ 
fore important. 


No. 11. Lytle’s Bank; No. 12. MeKinney’s Bank. These are 
the old Bryan Banks, 2^ miles N. E. of Lovetown, as shown at the eastern 
limit of the Large Map, and in Local Map, fig. 22. 

The Lytle Bank was worked a long time ago for Hannah Furnace, and 
measures about 70 X 20 X 10 == 14,000 cubic yards. Very little lump- 
ore is now visible, the walls showing about 25 feet thickness of wash-(,T 

































McKinney’s Bank, worked for Pennsylvania Furnace, is much smaller, 
say 25 X 20 X 10 = 5,000 cubic yards, and exhibits the same aspect. 

Shafts sunk between the two excavations on both sides of the road, 
leading south from Stormstown to Gatesburg and Pennsylvania Furnace, 
always struck good ore, dipping to the southeast ; as do the limestone 
outcrops of the neighborhood. We have here a prism of ore deposit at 
least 350 X 100 X 10 = 350,000 cubic yards iD size ; probably, after all 
due allowances, quite that many tons of ore. 

The Curtin Bank, a long, narrow open-cut on a prolongation of this 
outcrop, beyond the limits of the map, 2£ miles N. E. of the McKinney, 
and the Lamborne Bank, If miles further in the same direction, have 
yielded cold short ores, similar in appearance to the Pennington. These 
and other works of less importance show the persistent straightness of 
the outcrop of the ore-carrying strata, parallel with the Bald Eagle 
Mountain, at the foot of which Hows the east or main branch of Half 
Moon Run, with a limestone ridge* between the Valley of the Run and 
the ore. The Valley of the Run marks, of course, the line of the Great 
Bellefontc Fault. 

At McKinney Bank we are three miles from the railway, where it strikes 
and begins to descend Half Moon Run. The Lovetown Banks require a rail¬ 
way two miles long, descending the west branch of Half Moon, with a 
grade of 40 feet to the mile, or else a railway across the ridge If miles 
long, with gradients 90 feet to the mile, as described. The line of the 
road was originally located to Lovetown, and thence down Half Moon ; 
but it was considered more desirable to carry it across the Dry Hollow, 
among the ore-banks to be hereafter mentioned. 

Before returning to these banks and the neighborhood of the railway, 
I will describe a group of banks lying south of the Lytle and McKinney 
Banks, at the east edge of the map, and on outcrops somewhat higher 
in the Lower Silurian Series. 

Dry Hollow Range. 

No. 13. Hannah Furnace Bank No. 2. Two hundred yards east 
of the Gatesburg road is a hole 40 X 20 X 10 ~ 8,000 cubic yards in 
size, excavated on the broad, flat top of a ridge, as shown in Local Map, 
fig. 25. It was long ago abandoned. The ore seems good and abundant, 
15 to 20 feet of wash-ore showing in the side walls, and coming close to 
the surface. All the down-slid stuff may be washed. Massive sandy 
limestones, 180 yards N. W. of it, dip S. 30° E. > 28 ; 150 yards further 
N. W., massive white sandrocks dip the same. 

No. 14, Bull Banks, half a mile east of the last, and in line with it, 
consist of two excavations on the south brow of the ridge ; see A and 
B, local map, fig. 27. Much sandy ore was formerly taken out before 
these banks were abandoned, 20 years ago. A=60X50XlO =30,000, and 

* This ridge, by an oversight, is not represented on the Map, no surveying having 
been done north of the McKinney Banks. 


35 


B—80X40X10—32,000 cubic yards. A shows wash ore in the side, which 
is 30 feet high above the water in the bottom. B shows about 30 feet 
of reddish wash ore, with very little lump ore, from the water to the sur¬ 
face of the hill. A neighbor who had worked in the pits, reports that 
several feet of deep brown richer ore was found lying everywhere in 

Fig. 25. 



both banks beneath the mass of reddish leaner ore. All this awaits the 
time of improved mining with pumps and washers. 

Fig. 27 shows other old workings in the same deposit from 600 to 800 
yards to the south-west of A and B. From two of these there have been 
taken about 15,000 cubic yards of wash-ore, which still exhibits itself 20 
feet deep in the walls ; the one furthest to the north-west in fig. 27, has 
been deep, say 40 feet, but now, like all the larger cuts, has standing 
water and mud in its bottom. Numerous shafts, all yielding ore, give 















us data for calculating an ore prism in sight of, say 150X200X10?—300,- 
000 cubic yards. 

No. 15, Pond Bank, No. 1, worked for Pennsylvania Furnace, lies 
in the hollow at the foot of the ridge, | mile south of the Bull Bank, see 
local map, fig. 20. Its honeycombed, rather light, easy smelting ore, 
(mixing well with the more sandy ores of the Bull Bank Hill,) dips also 
south-east, and therefore belongs to a limestone out-crop still higher 
in the series, which is sufficient to account for its different quality. A 
great deal has been removed from this Bank ; but much still remains to 
be won, and water to wash it is abundant. This is included in the prism 
of ore calculated last above. 

No. 16, Red Bank, (Floyd’s Old Bank) at the road side, half a mile 
south-west of the Pond Bank, (see Local Map, fig. 25,) is a cut in the 
same out-crop. The amount of ore is therefore very great; for the con¬ 
tinuity of the deposits has been fully proven. The red rock-ore (35 or 40 
per cent.) descends in a solid stratum from 8 to 10 feet thick, at a dip of 
about 25° to the S. E. Over this lies a stratum of white clay, 3 feet 
thick. Over this black ore in solid masses and great lumps scattered 
thickly or thinly through several yards of wash ore, to the surface. Some 
of these lumps are 2 feet long by feet thick. 

This Old Gatesburg Bank, as it is sometimes called, was worked 40 
years ago, and has been re-opened now to show its character. 

The red ore was too siliceous, and hard to work in the small cold blast 
charcoal furnaces of the region ; but it will be eagerly sought by modern 
hot blast coke or anthracite furnaces. 

The black ore masses were selected for charcoal cold blast use, having 
50 to 55 per cent, of iron and being fusible ore. 

It is impossible to say how deep these strata descend on their 25° dip 
in a peroxide condition. But allowing only 100 feet, we have in a mile 
of outcrop 150,000 cubic yards of red rock ore ; and as the wash ore 
ground holding the black lump ore descends with it, and spreads over 
a belt of surface more than 100 yards wide, there must a be half million 
cubic yards of it at the lowest computation.* 

The old cuts at the elbow of the road west of the two ponds in fig. 27, 
have had about 8000 cubic yards excavated and are now filled with water 
to within 10 feet of the urface, showing that much wash ore without 
lumps. The two larger cuts 150 yards north-west of them, measure about 

* I have described above only what I saw. Mr. Platt was informed that under 12 feet 
of clay holding black lump ore, lay 4 feet of white clay without ore, under which lay 14 
feet of red rock ore in red clay, and ore was still underfoot. I give this report for what 
it is worth. 

Mr. Bbcking speaks of red rock ore only 6 feet thick, “ and another fair layer in the 
clays above, all workable ; red ore not very rich ; silicious, but with visible sand ; rich 
black ore in the top vein, [the word he always uses for a stratum of ore] ; on the whole, 
proper for coke furnace use; mining requiring pumps ; deep workings at hand ; an im¬ 
portant locality.” 



15,000 cubic yards, with 21 to 25 feet of wash and lump ore in the walls ; 
abandoned 20 years ago. 

No. 17. California Bank, 200 yards west of the Red Bank, and on the 
same slope and outcrop (see Local Map, fig. 25, (received its name from 


Fig. 26. Fig. 27. 



the richness of its ore, before it was abandoned 20 or 25 years ago, on ac¬ 
count of its distance from Pennsylvania furnace, the abundance of 
water and lack of pumping apparatus, the refractory quality of its 
mineral in the cold blast charcoal stack, and especially the abundance of 





















38 


good ore at the Furnace itself. Pits of standing water show 20 feet of 
wash ore in their walls. 

This completes my sketch of this “dry hollow” outcrop east of Half 
Moon Run. It is a dry hollow because the whole limestone underground is 
cavernous, and water springs up abundantly in every excavation, but 
does not flow over the surface. This is a prime factor in the problem of 
he genesis of these ores, and must be taken into consideration in all 
speculations respecting the depths to which the brown hematite ores 
descend in a minable form. 

The outcrop belt of surface wash ore and regular rock ores in which 
the Hannah Furnace, Bull, Pond, Red and California Banks are excavated, 
passes on north-eastward into the untried wilderness of the Barrens, 
where we find upon it the Floyd Bank, an open cut on highland ; ore 
very sandy for charcoal furnace use, but good and abundant for hot blast 
coke or anthracite ; and good charcoal ore could be selected from it 
still. 

No. 18. Reider’s Bank, half mile east of Gatesburg, is a small sur¬ 
face opening of 30X20X5 = 3000 cubic yards extent. On trial at Cen¬ 
tre and Hannah Furnaces it was refused. The surface of the broad 
low hill north of the village is a sheet of wash ore. The roads north to 
Stormstown and west to Warrior Mark expose ore ground at the surface, 
on the slopes of the dry hollow in which the village stands, and to the 
north and south of the village. The old opening on the roadside 250 
yards south of the village, is entirely filled up. Considerable quantities 
of very rich lump ore were taken out here many years ago, mostly from 
underground galleries. Much ore ground occupies the surface for more 
than 100 yards north-eastward. Limestone crops out 300 yards west 
of it dipping S. 30° E. > 20°, and 300 yards north of it dipping S. 30°E 
>180 * 

No. 19, Whorrel Bank, (see Local Map, fig. 17,) is a continuation 
south-west across Half Moon Run of the Gatesburg outcrop, which is here 
nearly 500 yards broad. The open cut on the north side of the Gates¬ 
burg road is about 40X13X5 = 2600 cubic yards ; that on the south side 
30X20X3 = 1800 cubic yards. Both have standing water in the bottom, 
and wash ore in the walls, while very heavy outcrops appear along the 
road, as well as along the cross-road leading up the ridge north to Love- 
town, beyond which an old shaft has struck the underlying sand 
rocks. 

The double excavation in fig. 10, 110X40X7 = 30,800 cubic yards large, 
is separated by a stratum of limestone dippingS. 30°E.,>26°, (one expo¬ 
sure looking like>50°,) the ore underlying, overlying and surrounding 
one end of it. The wash ore in the sidewalls does not look rich. It is 
reported that these holes were dry 40 feet deep and yielded good ore. 

* The horizon of this and the Whorrel bank is still higher in the series than the last, 
as Section C D (fig. 3) will make evident. 


The length of the surface show i. e ., 8. W.—N. E. is only 50 yards, to he 
terminated by the erosion of Half Moon Creek Valley. The railroad is 
only 400 yards distant. 

Fig. 28. 



No. 20. Pond Bank, No. 2. is a small excavation 85X10X5 = 1750 
cubic yards, at the head of the hollow, or rather on the divide where the 
south branch of the long Dry Hollow proper begins to descend towards 






















































40 


Warrior's Run ; and along side of one of the summit cuts of the railroad. 
Good wash and lump ore show in the walls. No sandy ore is seen. The 
R. Ii.cut shows 10 feet of wash ore for a length of 100 yards. Altogether 
we have here say, 40,000 cubic yards of ore in sight. 

No. 21. Wrye B ink. The local map, fig. 23, shows this extensive group 
of shafts commencing 450 yards northwest of the railway track, at an eleva 
tion of 40 feet above it, and c-ntinuing along the road up the slope to an 
elevation of 100 feet above the R. R., a distance of 400 yards. Over most 
of this surface the show amounts to little, proving how little we can rely on 
the surface indications as negative testimony. For, these works were ex¬ 
tensively driven from 1852 to 1857, and yielded some very rich ore, while 
the surface showed only poor sandy ore. 

There is one open cut, 25X^0X10=5,000 cubic yards large, showing wash 
ore in the walls from top to bottom, none of it rich, decidedly sandy, holding 
ironstained calc, sandstone masses, as at the east Pennington Banks. Very 
good open ore, bluish, and heavily charged with manganese occupied the 
west end of this open cut (Booking). An old miner reports, that in the 
shafts they went through 20 feet of pretty worthless loose stuff and then 
worked 18 feet of good lump ore, without getting through ; that the shafts 
up the hill were dry ; those lower down quickly filled with water, and were 
therefore abandoned, one after the other, before they could get out more 
than 10 or 12 feet of lump ore. What the charcoal furnace miners called 
worthless is now valuable for hot blast, especially anthracite furnaces, and 
the whole of this great deposit will be washed and sold. The breadth of the 
belt of shafted ground is about 100 yards, but must be considered as in¬ 
definitely greater along the strike. 

I am informed that in these old diggings the body of ore sank to 50 
feet beneath the surface and thinned away, but came in thick again lower 
down, and approached the surface. Two good pillars are known to be 
left standing in the old works, under a top covering of sand, one at the 
lower end, the other at the upper end of the works. In the last, solid 
rich rock ore lies 45 feet beneath the surface. All the shafts are now 
caved in. The ore layers were traced for several hundred yards east¬ 
ward by trial shafts. 

The appearance of this ore differs from that of the Pond Bank No. 2 so 
much that we should suspect them to belong to a different geological hori¬ 
zon. This suspicion is almost confirmed by the general southeast dip of 
the outcropping rocks here and there exposed at the surface. This import¬ 
ant structural question is clearly expressed by my Section C D (fig. 3), 
which passes through these banks. It is quite certain that the rocks which 
on dissolution delivered these ores, are the mother rocks also of the Kerr 
and Bredin, Hostler and Pennsylvania Furnace ores to be described here¬ 
after. The great breadth of the Dry Hollow Outcrop belt corresponds 
with that of the localities just named, and I think it pretty evident that 
we have here two horizons of Lower Silurian ore-bearing limestones 
close together. 

The old Sandy Bank is a group of small shallow pits, in very sandy 


41 


surface ore, but rich and good when washed, on the hill slope a few 
hundred yards northeast of the Wrye Bank, showing the continuation of 
the outcrop in the direction of Half Moon Run. 

In the other direction, the outcrop has been exploited at the old Pond 
Bank of Bald Eagle Furnace, 500 yards southwest of Wrye Bank, and 
nearly in the bottom of the vale, which deepens rapidly.* It lies close to 
the foot of Hickory ridge ; ore light but good, not sandy, and easy to 
smelt. A pond, dry in dry seasons, covers some of the old diggings. 
Much surface ore covers the neighborhood, and it will hereafter be an im¬ 
portant mining ground, with heavy clay cover to the ore, requiring hard 
pumping. 

Top ore of large size abounds around a sink-hole in Isaac Gano’s fields, 
on the north slope of Hickory Ridge, a mile S. W. of the pond. The 
pieces seemed rolled from an outcrop of good ore seen half-way up the 
hill, in the Huntingdon Furnace woods. 

At Simpson’s Bank (f mile further west) the wasli-ore is good and 
easy to smelt. Whereas at Andrew’s Bank, adjoining, (the Warrior’s 
Mark and Pennsylvania Furnace Road separating them,) sandy ore only 
lias been taken from the open cuts, but no shafting done. 

Jos. Ivrider’s fields are covered with very rich scattered pieces of ore, 
some lumps weighing 400 pounds. Attempts to find a bed at a little gap 
near by, have failed thus far. The shafts were tried in thick woods ; 
others were too low on the hill slope, and encountered only wash ore. 
There is undoubtedly a heavy rock-ore deposit somewhere. Similar 
shows are again seen half a mile further on (west) opposite the old wash- 
machine, and Huntingdon Furnace has picked off the surface much of 
this loose block-ore. A small layer was found in two or three shafts, but 
never followed up to see what would come of it. 

No. 22. Dixon’s Banks are only a few small holes, fallen shut, with 
a slight sandy ore surface show, 100 yards west of the road, where it 
crosses the head of the middle branch of the Dry Hollow. Here “a 
small irregular vein yielded good ore a little west of it, on a detached 
knoll, a thicker vein of poorer, flinty ore was found, at the edge of a 
pond, and was thought not to pay for pumping, to get for charcoal fur¬ 
nace use.f 

* This and tho following named Banks are not exhibited on the Large Map, because 
not accurately located. Their descriptions I got from Mr. Backing’s notes. 

f Mr. Backing thinks he remembers that this vein had a decided northern pitch, 
and distinguishes it thus from all the other veins of this range. This must be either a 
mistake or a mere local accident. Mr. Platt’s field notes also mark a doubtful 
N. 30° W. )> 34° dip of the limestones in the through-cut 240 yards northwest of Railroad 
section stake 81-80. But 100 yards N. E. of the same stake, soft rotten limestone strata dip 
S. 30° E. > 20°. Other Railroad exposures show that the S. E. dip dominates the struc¬ 
ture. Thus at Railroad station 4145, is a thorough-cut in blue limestone, dipping S. 30° 
E. > 34° with regular cleavage planes N. 60° W. > 70°; at 4151, a good exposure of 
limestone gives S. 30° E. 26°. In Railroad cut at 4164, sandy and blue limestones the 
layers seem to dip S. 60° E. > 31°; in the cut 180 yards S.W. of Railroad 4180 hard, sandy 
limestones dipS. 45° to 50° E. 26°. 


4ii 


The old Kelsey Bank yielded much good ore, years ago, in funnel 
shaped pockets, not continuous. 

No. 23. Little Dry Hollow Banks (see Local Map, fig. 14) are near 
the crest of the low hill dividing the middle from the north branch of the 
Dry Hollow. No. 1, is a small hole on a small outcrop reported to have 
yielded six to eight feet of sandy lump-ore, soon running out No. 2 
consists of a group of small pits and trial shafts on a slight outcrop. 
Some ore was got from shafts A, B, and C. The appearances here are 
not favorable for future mining prospects.* 

No. 24. The Dry Hollow Banks are the central figure in the 
broad expanse of outcrop which seems to fill the hollow and its three 
head branches, and to cover the dividing slopes, in many places if not 
continuously, north of the Railway. They are shown in map, fig. 29. 

Fig. 29. 



In the south-east corner of this map, the railroad curve ought to have 
been designated, the distance of the track from the principal excava¬ 
tion A, being less than 400 yards. 

The cut on the south side of the township road is pictured by Mr. 
Harden, in fig. 28 ; that on the north of the road in fig. 80 ; and the 
road itself in fig. 31; the wash-ore in the R. R. cutting at the curve, 
south of the banks, is shown in fig. 32. 

The Dry Hollow Bank, 4 mile north of the R. R., 24 miles E. of 

* Mr. Booking reported some years ago that these works merely won small veins and 
top ore, while the body of ore is undoubtedly left under the little ponds, &c., at the foot 
of the hill. Good ore used to be raised from the Little Dry Hollow Bank, but efforts to 
“ recover the vein ” some few years ago failed, although the ore here rides to the top of 
the hill, where it is pipe-ore as it also is pipe-ore on the northern side of the hill). 
















43 


Warrior’s Mark Village, is an extensive system of open cut excavations, 
from which great quantities of excellent ore have been got in past times. 
The term “system” is however inapplicable to the process of mining 
here employed, for it resembles ralher the burrowing of animals. No 

Fig. 30. 



VWt HciUw IftcuxH . (SvwXlv sute VbtraxA;. 

one can estimate how much of the precious ore has been left untouched, 
for there are neither maps, nor records, nor traditions of the work. 

The old miners merely say that the ore runs out against a bank of clay. 
But such reports are good for nothing ; and even if literally true teach 

Fig. 31. 



nothing, for they are sure to relate to single points, and fail of applica¬ 
tion at others. Fifteen years or so ago, some of the old pillars of ore 
were taken out by sinking shafts and driving short galleries at a few 
points. The ore is mostly wasli-ore, that is fine ore disseminated through 























44 


clay. The dip is southward (towards the great central synclinal) and 
deep workings and powerful pumps are needed, in future, south of the 
old shallow surface workings. 

From Dry Hollow Summit Cut for the Railroad to the first shafts, a dis¬ 
tance of about 400 yards, there is a decided outcrop. The shafts extend 
over 200 yards to the edge of the big open cut A, lig. 29. They seem to 
have gone down* through wash and lump ore GO feet to water, which in 
all cases stopped the works. The lumps alone were carried to the fur¬ 
nace. The wash-ore was not valued then ; now it is merchantable. The 
sinking was done at random and ore was always got. 

Mr. Platt’s estimates on the ground are as follows : 


110X40X10 = 

44,000 ^ 


50X15X 8 = 

6,000 

76,000 

50X15X 6 = 

4,550 

cubic 

60X25X10 = 

15,000 

yards of 

50X10X 5 = 

2,500 

excavation 

iooxiox 4 == 

4,000 J 

done. 


The main bank A, shows wasli-ore of very variable richness from top 
to bottom, 50 feet. The shafts at B are reported 60 to 70 feet deep, through 
wash and lump ore. From shaft C, on the roadside, GO feet deep, IGOOtons 
of excellent lump ore alone was selected for use. 

About 300 yards north-east of the Banks, the railroad line has exposed 
a mass of lump and wash ore of excellent quality. 

The Old Red Bank of Bald Eagle Furnace is on a continuation of the 
Dry Hollow deposit south-west, but higher up the hillside. It is shown 
in local map, fig. 19. Mining was confined to the surface ore which was 
sandy and without ‘ regular veins but no one knows how the deposit 
of ore is to the deep. 

The surface show between the Dry Hollow Banks and the Red Bank is 
not so heavy as where the old excavations were made ; but the deposit 
underneath is really continuous and unbroken, as is shown by the cut¬ 
tings through the ridge made by the railway between the two localities. 
See fig. 19. 

Here wash ore has been exposed for 100 to 125 yards along the track ; 
sometimes 10 feet thick resting on clay ; sometimes 20 to 25 feet of wash 
ore holding larger lumps. The varying thickness of the red clay and ore 
layers in this cut is an instructive example of what the miners found in 
their shafts. Some of the lumps weigh 300 to 400 lbs. Yery few pieces 
of silex appear ; and on the whole, this deposit looks freer from silica 
than any in the valley. Little or no soil covering exists. 

The Red Bank pits and shafts are very numerous, and all shallow. The 
ore when smelted alone, at Bald Eagle Furnace, made first class iron. 

From the south-west end of the Red Bank to the north-east end of the 
Dry Hollow Bank is about 1000 yards. The breadth is 200 (say 150) 

*25 years ago, more or less. 



45 


yards. The worked depth (to water) varies from 20 feet at Red Bank to 
100 feet at Dry Hollow Bank. Taking an average of 10 yards, we have 1000 
X150xl0=l,r>00,000 cubic yards of wash and lump ore. Discard one- 
lialf of the leaner interval between, and allow one ton to the yard in con¬ 
sideration of the size and quantity of lump ore, and we have 750,000 tons. 

Fig. 32. 



In our ignorance of the condition of things where the water stopped the 
old fashioned rude mining, it is impossible to say how near this estimate 
approximates accuracy. 

No. 25, Bean Bank lies a mile to the S. West of the Dry Hollow 
Bank, where many tons of surface lump ore were scratch6d out and 











































































46 


sent to Huntingdon Furnace ; as was done in other places along this 
part of the range on the South Slope of Dry Hollow Ridge. No atten¬ 
tion was paid to the great body of wash ore forming the deposit, and no 
effort to mine to the deep. A vast body of ore ground awaits future ex¬ 
ploration and excavation, within a mile of the railroad. Quartz occurs 
in this ore bank. 

• \ 

No. 26, Bressler Bank, (see fig. 16) is a collection of small holes, 

on the north-west side of the ridge, in a ravine descending to the east 
branch of Warrior’s Run, and distant from the railway, half a mile. 
About 2500 cubic yards of excavation seems to have been made in past 
years. The pits are fallen in, showing sandy wash ore in their sides. 
Eight feet of lump ore is reported as mined in this locality. No geo¬ 
logical indications of the structure appear. 

This completes all I have to say here of the Dry Hollow outcrop. For, 
although ore has been found further south-west along the south side of 
the ridge towards Warrior’s Run, no mining has been done ; and the Old 
Seat Bank, (No. 37,) is so out of line with the Banks above described, 
that it may be left for notice in connection with the ores west of Warrior’s 
Run. But I shall describe, further on, the continuation of this range 
where it crosses Warrior’s Mark Run and at the Huntingdon Furnace 
and Dorsey Banks. 

I pass over, therefore, to the Cale Hollow (Kerr & Bredin, Hostler and 
Pipe-ore) Banks further south-east. 

The Cale Hollow Range. 

Cale Hollow is divided from Dry Hollow by Hickory Ridge, as shown 
in the Large Map ; and its ores lie in a deeper and narrower synclinal 
than the ores in the gentle and wide synclinal of the Dry Hollow as shown 
by section CD. They are, however, ores once carried by the same lime¬ 
stone strata, and ought therefore to be of the same general character. It 
is therefore remarkable that so little pipe ore has been found in Dry 
Hollow, while an abundance of pipe ore characterises the Cale Hollow 
Banks. 

No. 27. Kerr & Bredin Bank, (see local map, fig. 24, and wood 
cuts 33, 34, 35,) is a small excavation of about 5000 cubic yards, show¬ 
ing in its walls lump and wash ore, 25 feet deep. Much of the wash ore 
seems leaner than in other Banks. A shaft has been sunk for explora¬ 
tion in the bottom of the old cut, and the report of it is favorable to future 
mining on a systematic scale. (See wood cut, fig. 35.) 

The ore from this bank won for itself a high reputation at the furnace. 
It was called “gun metal ore,” and was said to bear a striking resem¬ 
blance to the. Bloomfield ore of Morrison’s Cove, south of Holidaysburg in 


47 


Blair Co., from which was made by preference the ordnance of the U. 
S. Army during the civil war 


Fig. 33. 



Dr.Genth’s analysis of the Kerr & Bredin ore, given below, when com¬ 
pared with Dr. Otto Wuth’s analysis of Bloomfield ore, made June 9, 
1871, compare as follows : 



































































































































48 


Kerr & Bredin. Bloomfield. 

Ferric Oxide.70.67 Perox. Iron 78.63 

Manganese Oxide. 0.36 Manganese 0.29 

Cobaltic Oxide.trace - 

Alumina. 3.91 2.50 

Magnesia. 0.26 0.38 

Lime.trace 0.34 

Phosphoric Acid. 0.19 0.134 

Silicic Acid. 5.48 7.02 

Quartz. 6.80 - 

Water.12.33 10.71 


The extra quartz determined by Dr. Genth, diminishes the percentage 
of iron oxide in his specimens, and reduces the percentage of iron from 
55.04 (Wutli) to 49.47 (Genth). Otherwise the ores are strikingly alike. 

The Kerr & Bredin Bank lies at the foot of the south slope of Hick¬ 
ory Ridge, one mile W. N. W., of the Hostler Bank. In a dry autumn 
Mr. Booking was directed to sink south of the old cut, and to mount 
a pump. He reported a 12 inch “vein of ore” at 40 feet, and water 
at 44 feet. A tunnel-way was commenced in the direction of the old 
cut,which caved in, and the works were stopped. 

The continuation of these ores along the foot of Hickory Ridge, on the 
north side of Cale Hollow, is proven by a range of “ lively outcroppings.” 
In some places the surface is sufficiently rich wash-ore. One or two pits 
(Bronstetter’s) were worked, for Huntingdon Furnace, 1^ miles west of 
the Kerr & Bredin Bank, in “ an irregular vein.” 

Northeastward the ores continue to show themselves to Half-moon 
Run, where “pipe-ore” is marked upon the large map. See Little Bank, 
below. 

From a small cut at Eyer’s, on the east side of Half-Moon Run, 
pipe-ore was raised many years ago. The limestone rocks at Eyer’s 
house, 100 yards south of the spot, dip to the S. 30°, E. )> 21°. 

Another old pipe-ore locality shows now fair ore on the surface, near 
two small trial pits. 

No. 28. Hostler Bank (see local map, fig. 26, and wood-cut fig. 36). 

This excavation occupies the northern slope of the Spruce Creek anti¬ 
clinal ridge, as a large open cut, from wdiich the ore was in old times 
hauled to Pennsylvania Furnace, two miles due east of it. 

The recorded history of this important mine reveals the following fea¬ 
tures. Wherever the diggings were made they went down through 
“pipe ” wash-ore which was occasionally mixed with lump-ore, to depths 
of 60 and 65 feet, in all the shafts. 

One of these shafts passed through this wasli-ore 65 feet, and then 
passed through a stratum of solid limerock, varying in thickness from 10 
inches to 2 feet. Below this limestone lay lump “pipe ” ore, into which 












41 ) 


the shaft was sunk 6 feet further and then the flow of water stopped its 
further descent. 

From the bottom of the shaft a five inch auger hole was then drilled 
through a continuous bed of pipe ore to an additional depth of 30 feet. 


Fig. 34. 



The percentage of iron in the pipe ore is uniform ; or varied only by 
the chemist’s including in his analysis adherent or enclosed clay. 

It is a constant feature of the Pipe ore b.inks ot the southern range 
that they do not furnish the “lean ores,” so-called, which are met with 














































in tbe Banks opened along the more northerly and geologically lower 
outcrops of the “ Barrens ” in this valley. It has been the uniform ex¬ 
perience at the Pennsylvania, Hostler, and other Pipe ore banks that 
shafts and borings have always passed through lump-ore, after having 
been sunk or drilled below water level. But as pumping apparatus on a 
sufficient scale has never been applied to such deep shafts and borings, they 
have in no case passed through the deposit of lump ore, the thickness of 
which H therefore still a matter of conjecture. 

I give the history of these operations as an evidence of the insufficient 
extent to which the development of this iron-ore district has been car¬ 
ried ; to show that only its surface has been scratched, but its deposits 
not mined. Regular, systematic, efficient operations are yet to be begun. 
They await the completion of the railroad and that demand for large 
•quantities of ore from distant furnaces which is already become so urgent. 
The underground drainage all through the Valley is immense, and the 
.largest bodies of ore, and especially of pipe-ore, can only be won with 
heavy pumping and systematic stoping. 

The Ilostler open-cut Bank must be sunk in air to the lower ores, and 
through them to the bottom floor of all ; then with powerful pumps to 
keep the water down, the clay stripping above can be washed, and the 
heavy face of ore below can be stoped and the top stuff* thrown back into 
the abandoned ground as the ore-face advances. As Mr. Booking justly 
remarks, “35 feet of ore will well pay for stripping 65 to 75 feet” of 
clays above it. He adds, and I agree with him heartily : “ The time for 
shallow digging and ground-hogging is pretty well past in these barrens, 
and the exploration of the richer banks may require in future prepara¬ 
tions that will take some capital, and may need in some cases two or 
more years before yielding a return.” 

The Hostler Bank excavations measure about 120 X 50 X 10 = 60,000 
■cubic yards. The ore lies like that to be described in Pennsylvania Fur¬ 
nace Banks, as a mass of clay and wash-ore separated by ribs of un¬ 
decomposed limestone. The walls are about 30 feet high, but the high 
norihwest dip of the measures prevents this figure from being used as a 
datum of calculation. It only shows in a general way the depth below 
the sod to which the weathering action had gone, as exposed by the miners. 
The late sunk shafts passed alternate soft beds of ore and hard ribs of 
limestone, all on a steep dip ; 38° to the N. 35° W. In a shaft at the 
northwest end of the open cut one shaft went down through 75 feet of 
wash-ore ground before striking the solid limestone rocks and water. 

It is impossible from such data to estimate the future yield at this 
locality, but the amount of ore to be won must be very great. Nor is it 
confined to the neighborhood of the old works. The ore-belt runs on 
southwestward for at least five miles. 


51 


At the distance of 1,900 feet there are somewhat less than twenty old 
shafts in one group, quite forgotten until recently discovered by Mr. 
George Lyon. They were mostly shallow pits in the surface of the pipe- 
ore bearing clays ; but some of them look as if they had been sunk to 
a considerable depth ; and their number proves that the search for ore 
was remunerative even at that day. 

This part of Gale Hollow is a wide, flat, slightly undulating, dry vale, 
every part of which shows a top-dressing of fine ore. It is a virgin 
district. Mr. Lyon sunk one trial-shaft in it, and struck an “ore- 

Fig. 35. 


•Ov.y'sa 



Ig ,Stripping 

= WlIrL Some 
YVcis/i Ore,. 



Jt; Section at Jtew $) %redin, Ore ( &anfa. 


vein.” There was a similar accidental discovery of another group of 
five or six pits from which some top-ore had been scraped. I have no 
doubt that a continuous belt of mining ground runs the entire length of 
Gale Hollow. 

The Red Bank, If miles from the Hostler, on the same slope of the 
Spruce Creek Ridge, is old and disused, the ore in the top clays was 
stripped, but no attempt at deep mining was made. Another old bank 
in line with it, but across a little ravine issuing from the ridge, furnished 
some pipe-ore to Huntingdon Furnace. Still further west,* in a similarly 

* 4% miles from Hostler Bank. 

























































52 


situated bank, near Huntingdon Furnace, a vein of good, red-short ore 
was struck, and abandoned on account of water. On working one part 
of this pit the ore became too sulphureous to use. It will be again re¬ 
ferred to after describing Bank No. 29. 

The belt of Gale Hollow Ores may be traced northeastward with the 
same general character. 

Little Bank, for instance, lies two-thirds of a mile northeast (near 
the Warrior Mark Pennsylvania Furnace Hoad), 1§ miles west of Penn¬ 
sylvania Furnace. Here very rich top-wasliings cover a high flat 
area connected with Hickory Ridge. Seams of the ore penetrated the 
limestone rocks all the way down a 40 feet shaft, under which the main 
body of ore dips northward. 

The Eyer Bank (already mentioned) is an old excavation one mile 
still further east, on the east side of Half-Moon Ilun. 

Going on northeastward across a dividing ridge, the ore appears again 
along Tadpole Run, in Sleepy Hollow, and at the head of the Beaver- 
dams, for a distance of more than a mile. Years ago, some pipe-ore was 
raised, for Centre Furnace, east of B. Crane’s, but the surface was merely 
scratched. At the Pennsylvania Furnace old surface-pits, sunk at the 
beaver-dams, the body of ore probably lies under the bed of the run and 
would require heavy pumping. 

The “dry hollow ” which carries the Valley of Tadpole Run on in a 
straight line northeastward, and is a geological prolongation of Cale 
Hollow shows plenty of out-croppings of ore, just as Cale Hollow 
does, and the ore is of the same kind—pipe-ore. In fact the ore 
belt continues to McAllister’s and the School House cross-roads, eight 
miles northeast of the Hostler Bank, and far beyond the limits of my 
large map. 

Between McAllister’s and Pinegrove Mills, the country spreads out into 
a plateau two or three miles wide, through which runs the Brush Valley 
Anticlinal. Here, far beyond the east limit of my map, are the 

Old Weaver Banks; two open-cuts and several shafts near 
them, abandoned years ago. No systematic mining was attempted in 
that early day, the work being done by the farmers. Tradition speaks 
of “ore veins” being reached, but probably too well watered for the 
natives to cope with them. “The ore lying around the holes is not a 
regular pipe-ore, but is mixed with liver-colored ore, and reported red- 
short.” We have here, then, ores not belonging to the Hostler and Penn¬ 
sylvania Pipe-Ore Bank system connected with the sandstones of the 
anticlinal, that is, ores belonging to the underlying limestone. 

Spruce Creek Range. 

No. 29, Pennsylvania Furnace Ore Bank. For about fifty-eight 
(58) years Pennsylvania Furnace has been supplied with its stock from 
the extensive excavations on the gently-sloping south side of the anti- 


53 


clinal ridge facing Tussey Mountain ; Spruce Creek, above the Furnace, 
flowing between the ridge and the mountain. 

See local map, fig. 37, in lieu of further description ; and the landscape 
sketches of the excavations, to illustrate their extent and character : fig¬ 
ures 39, 40, 41, 42, 43. 

The geologist can here study the theory of the formation of the Lower 
, Silurian Brown-Hematite ores of Pennsylvania to great advantage. I 
know no better place, and few so good. 

The ores are evidently not washings from a distance ; neither from Tus¬ 
sey Mountain, nor from the present surface of the anticlinal ridge ; nor 
from any formerly existing surface in past geological ages, when the sur¬ 
face stood at a much higher elevation above sea level. They are evi¬ 
dently and visibly interstratified with the soft clay and solid limestone 


Fig. 36. 



TMCL HO&TLCR OR E. © A N K 


layers, and obey the strike and dip of the country ; the strike being along 
the valley, and the dip about 40° towards the southeast. 

Thousands of minor irregularities prevail ; the streaks of ore and 
masses of clay, are wrinkled and bunched, and thin out and thicken 
again in various directions. But all this irregularity is owing to the 
chemical changes of the strata, and to the changes in bulk of the differ¬ 
ent layers during the protracted process of solution and dissolution, during 
which the looser calciferous and ferriferous sandstone layers have lost their 
lime constituent, packed their sand and clay more solidly, and perliydrated 
their iron. In this long process cleavage-planes have been widened into 
crevices ; caverns have been excavated ; pools or vats have been created ; 
precipitates of massive (rock and pipe) ore have been thrown down ; and 
a general creeping and wrinkling of the country been effected. But the 
original general arrangement or stratification has been preserved ; and 
those portions of the whole formation, which had but little lime, have 












54 


been left standing as sandstone strata ; while others having but little 
sand remain as solid and massive limestone strata ; those which had an 
excess of alumina are now in the condition of streaks, masses, or layers 
of white or mottled clays ; and only such as were properly constituted 
clay-saad-lime-iron deposits originally have so completely dissolved as to 
permit the lime to flow off, and the iron to consolidate into ore. 

Every stage of this interesting operation, and every phase which it 
presents in other parts of the Appalachian belt of the United States, from 
Canada to Alabama, may be seen and studied in these old and extensive 
ore banks of Pennsylvania Furnace. 

At first sight of the bank the ore deposit looks as if it were a grand wash 
or swash of mingled clay and fine and coarse ore grains and balls, occupying 
hollows, caverns and crevices in the surface of the earth and between the 
solid limestone rock ; and some of it undoubtedly has been thus carried 
down into the enlarged cleavage partings of the limestones ; and into sink 
holes and caverns formed by water courses ; where it now lies, or lay when 
excavated, banked up against walls or faces of the undecomposed lime 
rocks. But as a whole the ore streaks and “main vein” of ore must oc¬ 
cupy nearly the same position originally occupied by the more ferrugin¬ 
ous strata after they had got their dip and strike. See fig. 40. 

The ore is taken out with the clay, and hauled up an incline, by means 
of a stationary steam engine at its head, and dumped into a large wash¬ 
ing machine, with revolving screens ; whence after the flints and sand 
stones have been picked out, it is carried on an ironed tramway, to the 
bridge house of the Furnace. See fig. 43. 

The ore forms from 10 to 50 per cent, of the mass excavated, and the 
small amount of handling makes the ore cheap. 

The floor of the excavation is about sixty (60) feet below the level of 
the wash machine. 

Shafts sunk from 30 to 35 feet deeper, in the floor, to a permanent 
water level, have shown that other and even better ore deposits underlie 
the workings, covered by the slanting undecomposed lime rocks. This 
is an additional demonstration of the correctness of the theory above 
stated. 

The upper ores will furnish stock for yet many years. After that, or in 
case more furnaces be erected, or distant markets call for the shipment 
of ore by railway, deep shafts or bore holes must be sunk to drain the un¬ 
derground, and the lower ores may then be lifted to an extent which can 
hardly be estimated now. 

The prism of ore in sight , technically speaking, if calculated roughly 
from the areas exposed by the old and new open cuts, and by shafts sunk 
at various times and in various parts of the floor, gives several millions 
of wash-ore, lump-ore and pipe or rock ore. Thus taking the area exposed 
at say 550 X 450 yards, and the depth at only 15 yards, we have 3,612,500 
cubic yards, which on washing would yield 602,000 tons of prepared ore. 



Fig 87. 


























56 


Of this, about 100,000 tons have been passed through the furnace, yield¬ 
ing nearly 50,000 tons of neutral cold blast charcoal iron of the best 
quality, leaving 500,000 tons of ore to be excavated. 

But this is only a portion of the deposit; for the ore ranges away 
beyond the high walls of the open cuts into the surrounding laud an un¬ 
known distance. The large area stripped last year towards the north¬ 
east shows how extensive the deposit is in that direction. 

Add to this the gieat depths to which the ore is known to descend, and 
it seems to me certain that a million of tons is as probable an estimate as 
a half a million. Large quantities of ore are left standing between 
the hard limestone ledges exhibited in figure 40 (taken from a in local map 
fig. 38), and in figure 34, which is an enlarged view r of the sharp promontory 
seen in fig. 33, sketched to show its geological structure. The dip of 
these limestones is to the S. 35°, E. > 35° to 40°; and they are exactly 
on range with the limestone outcrop along the road, at the quarry, and 

Fig. 38. 



past the Furnace, as shown in fig. 37. Slight crumplings of the limestone 
vary the dip from 18° to 65°; but these are due either to movements in 
the yielding ore mass or to a deception caused by mistaking cleavage 
planes for bed plates. No such variations are apparent at a distance 
from the banks, the whole limestone formation descending uniformly 
beneath the foot of Tussey Mountain with a dip of something under 40°. 

The pictures figs. 41 and 42 are views of the deep cut looking east from 
a in local map fig. 37. The view in fig. 43 is taken looking northward 
into the main ore bank, from near a ; and it shows the new incline, the 
washing house, and the ridge above it, along the crest of which the 
aqueduct is carried on tressels, for 2000 feet. Fig. 38 shows the end of 
the aqueduct where it is mounted by the pipe leading up the hill-side 
from the double Worthington pump in the engine-house, fed by another 
pipe from the dam. Behind the hill seen in fig. 43, in a hollow on a level 
with the northeast end of the banks, is the settling-dam. 









































































































58 


The height of the walls of the various excavations may be seen by 
reference to the ten foot contour lines in lig. 37. These also show that 
the ground now so deeply excavated once formed a high divide between 
a vale descending southwest to Spruce Creek, and a corresponding but 
shallower vale descending northeast to the settling-dam hollow. It looks 
as if the ore once filled both these vales, but has been excavated by the 
natural drainage into Spruce Creek, from the one which descends 
in that direction, and, perhaps from the valley of Spruce Creek itself, 
down to and beyond the Furnace. 

The entire walls of the cuts are of wash ore, and it is all torn down 
and taken to the washing machine. But the tops of pyramids of solid 
pipe ore are exposed in the fioor, and some reached to, or nearly to the 
sod above. At one of the deepest places in the floor, GO feet below the 
sod a shaft was sunk 40 feet further through solid pipe ore, and then 
limestone, and was stopped by water. Water does not stand in the 
present floors on account of the free circulation, at a still lower depth, 
through crevices and caverns communicating with Spruce Creek, which 
itself issues from a cave. 

The books at the Furnace show as an average for some years, 6 tons 
of wash ore to 1 ton of ore ; 2 tons 1 cwt. of ore to 1 ton of iron ; and 
$2.23 per ton of ore delivered at the Furnace, represents the cost of min¬ 
ing, inclusive of all expenses. 

I shall give in an appendix, the opinion of Mr. Harden on some prac¬ 
tical points which I requested him to study, for which purpose he visited 
some of the Banks described above. 

Outcroppings of ore occur east and west of the Pennsylvania Furnace 
Banks on the southern slope of the anticlinal ridge facing Spruce Creek 
and the Tussey Mountain ; but no excavations have been made, because 
sufficient stock was always procurable at the Banks near the Furnace. It 
is not to be supposed, therefore, that equally large and important de¬ 
posits may not be exposed by future systematic mining operations, when 
the completed railway shall make demands on this ore belt for supplying 
the furnaces of Eastern and Western Pennsylvania. 

Some of these surface-shows of ore are near the top, others near the 
bottom of the hill slope. The ore surface is commonly high up on the 
slope, or on the flat rolling back of the anticlinal ridge. 

John Boss has in his fields, north of Pinegrove Mills, ( miles east 
of Pennsylvania Furnace,) an old funnel shaped hole, from which very 
rich pipe ore was taken, and more can be seen in its sides, but no surface- 
show ; and I have no data on which to base an estimate of quantity. The 
ore was sent to Monroe Furnace; was rich; but very red-short: lumps 
of pyrites being visible in the bombshell ore lying about the hole ; which 
is also coated with white sulphates. 

Surface ore can be traced all the way from Ross’ to Pennsylvania Fur¬ 
nace, but no search underground seems ever to have been made or called 
for. 


59 


In the other direction, down Spruce Creek, south-west of the Furnace, 
a few outcroppings on the surface appear, but lie neglected for the same 
reason. A few trial-pits seem to have been sunk near the school house, 

Fig. 40. 



and near Mr. Geo. Lyon’s mansion, south of the turnpike. Large pieces 
of pipe ore lie in the east corner of Mr. Thos. Lyon’s fields, at the foot 
of Tussey Mountain. Ore has also been noticed in Mr. Stewart Lyon’s 
north fields. 











60 


All the above are on the south slope of the anticlinal of Brush \ alley, 
facing Tussey Mountain. The anticlinal may be studied where the lime¬ 
stone rocks are seen dipping both ways (N. W. and S. E.) in the end of 
the hill at the Furnace, and in the railway rock-cuts as the line makes its 
semicircle down Half Moon Run and up Spruce Creek and Tadpole Run. 

Three miles further down Spruce Run a pipe ore bank was commenced 
on the south slope of the Anticlinal, to supply works erected at the 
mouth of Spruce Creek, for a patent process to convert the ore directly 
into wrought iron ; but the patent process failed and the mine was never 
worked. It sufficed to show that the ore belt or outcrop follows the 
ridge along the north side of Spruce Creek towards the Juniata, but 
coalesces with that of the Cale Hollow, or north dip, beyond Huntingdon 
Furnace, and sinks beneath the surface, for no trace of it is found in the 
Little Juniata River section, where the Canoe Valley anticlinal may be 
seen replacing this of Brush Valley. 

Returning thus to Warrior’s Mark Run, and the neighborhood of 
Huntingdon Furnace, I have little to add to finish this report, except 
concerning an ore belt, west of the Run, on the south slope of the ridge 
in line with the Dry Hollow Banks. But before speaking of it, I shall 
give the following section up Warrior’s Mark Run :— 

At the mouth of Cale Hollow, in the north dipping rocks of the Spruce 
Creek Ridge anticlinal, and 150 yards east of the mill-dam, or a mile 
east of Huntingdon Furnace, there is marked on the map an old pipe-ore 
bank, now fallen in. Lime rocks here dip N. 30° W. > 50°; but, by the 
road-side, 300 yards to the west-southwest only 38°; and in the hill-side, 
050 yards to the west-northwest, 12° in the other direction S. 30° E. The 
Old Seat Bank, No. 30, is 1,100 yards distant (up Warrior’s Run towards 
the N. N. W.) from this old bank. The Cale Hollow is thus seen to be 
synclinal, and, allowing for the different strength of dips observed there 
can be no reasonable doubt that the same ferriferous limerocks out-crop- 
pi ug here outcrop also at the Old Seat Bank ; and I have so drawn the 
Section A.B. 

The ore at this old bank is reported to have been extraordinarily 
charged with sulphur ; but I could not learn exactly in what form. 

No. 30. The Old Seat Bank, on the east bank of Warrior’s Run, 
2£ miles below where the railway crosses the run (at Warrior’s Mark), is 
an old open cut with ore in its floor, abandoned many years ago for want 
of pumping machinery of adequate power. What little liver-colored ore 
is visible, looks lean, and much flint lies about. The area of the cut may 
be 4000 square yards. Water stands in it to within 10 or 12 feet of the 
top. It has been worked to a depth of 40 feet. About 30,000 cubic yards 
of ore-ground has been taken out. Although much liver colored ore 
like Pennington ore lies about, no pieces of sandstone are visible ; but a 
good deal of flint is among the ore, as at Pennsylvania Furnace Bank. 
Not much surface-ore shows in the neighborhood. 


(51 


In the gap of the Dry Hollow Ridge, six hundred yards higher up the 

Fig. 41. 



run, limerocks crop out, dipping also S. 30° E. > 9° ; and 300 yards fur- 









































ther, sandy limestones, S. 30° E. > 10°. 500 yards further up the run, 

pipe-ore is reported, ploughed up in the fields. This belongs to an ore- 
bearing strata about 700 feet lower in the formation than the ore horison 
at the Old Seat Bank. The dip is continuous and equable ; there can be 
no mistake. 500 hundred yards still further up the run, at the forks of 
the road, still lower sandy limerocks are seen dipping the same way, S. 
30° E. > 13°. Other exposures occur in this interval dipping also S. 30° 
E. > 13°. No dips are noticed in the next 1000 yards, to the toll-gate 
and cross-roads and forks of the Creek ; but there is no reason no doubt 
that a southeast dip fills the interval, becoming ever more gentle. 

Five hundred yards southwest from the toll-gate, and 50 yards off the 
road (towards the northwest) on land 70 feet above the water, is an old 
deserted pipe ore bank 50 X 10 yards. This lies just 1000 yards due 
northwest of the pipe ore last mentioned as ploughed up in the fields ; 
and if a continuous southeast dip of 10° be supposed, we should find in 
it an evidence of a third and still lower pipe ore horison, 550 feet below 
the second and 1250 feet below the first, or Old Seat ore horison. But it 
would be very unsafe to consider this the simple state of the case. The 
place where ore was “ploughed up over a space of GOO yards ” is worthy 
of a thorough investigation, but the surface show is slight. The other 
locality where lumps and pipes of solid ore were got 25 years ago from the 
open cut and underground works, is reported to be rich still. None of 
its wash ore was taken away. 

This place is very important. It proves conclusively that pipe ores 
occupy a geological range of at least 1250 feet of the Lower Silurian 
Formation. And these exhibitions on Warrior’s Run connect the rich 
Dry Hollow Group of Banks already described, with the Huntingdon 
Furnace and Dorsey Group next to be described. 

The toll-gate is only 800 yards down the run from where the railway 
crosses it. And the southeast dipping Beck and Town Bank ores (Nos. 
4 and 5) are only 400 yards further up. The Beck and Town ore horison 
therefore underlies the toll-gate ore rocks (unless there be some concealed 
disturbance in the interval), at a geological depth of at least 1200 feet, and 
probably 1500 feet. For there are 20° dips (to the southeast) in the rail¬ 
way cut, and 35° dips in Warrior’s Mark Village. If I am anywhere 
near the truth, the Pennington Range ore horison (Becks, Towm, &c.) 
underlies the Gale Hollow Pipe Ore horison at a geological depth of 2500 
to 3000 feet; which may well explain their different qualities. And this 
result is in harmony with features of my cross-sections AB and CD.* 

* The Pensington and Lovetown ores being on the same geological horison, and there 
being a breadth of limestone outcrop (dipping S. 30° E. > 50°), between Lovetown and 

the Bellefonte fault at the foot of Bald Eagle Mountain, at least 700 yards broad, we 
have about 5000 feet of Lower Silurian measures visibly exposed underneath the Cale 
Hollow ( — Pennsylvania Furnace Bank) ore horison. Adding to this the 2500 feet of 
limestones between Pennsylvania Furnace bank and the foot of Tussey, and we have a 
total thickness of Lower Silurian Limestones from the bottom of No. Ill (the Hudson 
River Slate) down to the jaw of the Bellefonte Fault, of 7750 feet; a very great thick¬ 
ness ; but quite in harmony with all that wc know of the Trenton, Black River, Bird’s 
Eye, Ohazy and Calciferous in the Great Valley of Reading, Harrisburg, Chambers- 
burg, Winchester and Knoxville. This, so far as I know, is the first approximately ac¬ 
curate measurement of these formations in mass south of their New York outcrops, 
which are very thin in comparison with these. 


63 


No. 31, Huntingdon Furnace Banks. These lie along the south¬ 
erly slope of a prolongation of Dry Hollow Ridge, west of Warrior’s 

Fig. 42. 



Run, and within a circle swept around Huntingdon Furnace with a radius 
of two miles, as shown on the land-map. The Dorsey Banks are outside 







































*54 


this circle, but are excavated in the same belt of outcrop. The outcrop 
is very broad because, as we have just seen along Warrior’s Hun, the 
southeast dip is very gentle, ab >ut 10°. This has allowed a very large 
dissolution of the ore-bearing rocks. 

The Wilson Bank is two miles west of Warrior’s Run; no ore has 
been found in this interval, the slopes being sandy. Here limestone begins 
to come in, overlying the sandstone, and ore-bearing clays take posses¬ 
sion of the surface. This sandstone has been mistaken for the Calciferous 
Sandrock; but must be one of the numerous intercalations of sand in the 
great limestone series. • 

The Keefer Banks follow, in the next half mile, and, although ex¬ 
hausted as to the wash ore of the outcrop, can be mined to the deep it 
proper pumping apparatus be mounted to keep the underground water 
down. 

Fig. 44 gives a local map of these excavations, which severally measure, 
as they come in order along the line of Mr. Platt’s survey :— 


a. 

* 

130 X 30 X 8 

— 

31,200 cubic yards. 

b. 

* 

160 X 35 X 8 


44,800 

c. 

t 

40 X 25 X 10 

— 

10,000 

d. 

t 

120 X 40 X 8 

— - 

38,400 

e. 

§ 

100 X 40 X 8 

— 

32,000 

/• 

§ 

30 X 30 X 5 

— 

4,500 “ 


Total excavation, say, 161,000 cubic yards. 

No. 32, Dorsey Banks, see fig. 44. 

These works lie just outside the two mile circle around Huntingdon 
Furnace Stack (see Land-line Map), and are used for Barre Forge, dis¬ 
tant three miles due west on the Little Juniata River ; the nearest distance 
to the river by the Township line in a southwest direction being two 
miles. 

There is first an open cut on the south side of the road, see fig. 44, measur¬ 
ing 65 X 25 X 6 — 9,750 cubic yards of excavation, with wash ore in the 
walls. Then, a shallow open cut, ten or twelve feet deep, 75 X X 4 
= 9,000 cubic yards, the floor being everywhere wash ore. 

The Main Bank, in the southwest corner of fig. 44, is divided by a 
slide of the southeast wall into two open cuts, 200 X 70 X 15 — 210,000 
cubic yards, with wash ore walls and floor (now generally 30 fiet deep), 
but excavations have been made much deeper. 

* These Me south of the road, on the large map. Eight yards is taken as the average 
depth of both, but they may have been worked deeper. Wash ore forms the walls. 

f Also south of the road and beyond the limits of fig. 44. 

| North of the road, at the northeast corner of fig. 44. It has not been worked for 
years. Wash ore forms the walls. 

§ North of the road, and of the Dorsey Bank, fig. 44. Both have fallen shut. Wash 
ore forms the walls. 





65 


Fig. 43. 



















































From the northeasternmost Huntingdon Furnace Diggings to the last 
Dorsey Digging is a stretch of about 2000 yards, with ore shows filling 
up the intervals between the banks. There is a maximum breadth of 
500 yards. But if half that be adopted for an estimate, we have an area 
of wash ore here equal to 100,000 square yards, in all respects like that 
of the Dry Hollow Bank district (on the same range) described above, 
and representing, at least, one or two millions of cubic yards of ore 
ground, besides whatever deeper deposits of pipe ore exist. 

As in Dry Hollow, so here much lean ore is mingled with the rich, and 
much dead stripping will be required in places. 

There is this distinction : the ore of the barrens, that is the liver- 
."Colored and more sandy ore ranges along the northwestern side of the 
• belt of outcrop, up the hill-side ; pipe ore characterises the down hill, or 
southeastern side of the outcrop. The main bank is wholly in the top or 
wash ore covering, and has merely revealed the principal deposit of rich 
rock ore and pipe underlying it. Those who worked the pit describe a 
, layer of ore G to 8 feet thick as apparently creeping downhill, overturned, 

. and covering itself. What this description means I do not know. » he 
» ore makes excellent iron. 


It is unnecessary for me to say that the ferriferous limestones described 
in the above details, and crossing the river (S. W.) into Sinking Valley, 
carry the ore ground outcrops with them, and that these have been mined 
to some extent at various places south of Barre Forge, yielding both rich 
and lean wash ore, and rock and pipe ore, of the same general character. 

The same statement holds good as to Canoe Valley, although its nar¬ 
rowness does not permit its anticlinal to bring the lowest horison of ore 
to the surface. 

In Sinking Valley the two sides of its dying anticlinal bring the ore" 
outcrops together about three miles south of the river. The following 
are some of the ore banks : on the south side, Pine Hill Bank mile 
from the river); Moore’s Pipe Ore Diggings (1 mile) ; Galbraith’s Pipe 
Ores (1| mile) ; Robinson’s Bank (2^ miles). On the northwest side are 
v Gentzhammer’s and other outcrops. 


It is a serious question why mines of Brown Hematite Iron Ore have 
not been opened on the Juniata River above the moudi of Spruce Creek. 
This question seems to be answered by my section along the river, fig. 1. 
It is evident that the horison of the Pennsylvania Furnace or Cale Hol¬ 
low ores scarcely rises on the back on the Canoe Valley axis to the level 
of the valley bed, and is immediately carried down again by the syncli- 


67 


nal of Canoe mountain. It is then visible in Sinking Creek Valley, a« 
just stated. Whether any large quantities of ore underlie the river bed 

Fig. 44. 



Vccal AWy \W 
Jersey cf ©re 

c| tW, 

SWlUV 

<§CoJU. q VJoaJls . 




below Union Furnace and above Spruce Creek Station remains to be de¬ 
termined by future trial shafts along the line of the Pennsylvania Rail¬ 
road. 

































68 


INVESTIGATION OF IRON ORES AND LIMESTONES FROM 
MESSRS. LYON, SIIORB & CO’S IRON ORE BANKS ON SPRUCE 
CREEK, HALF MOON RUN AND WARRIOR’S MARK RUN, IN 
CENTRE, BLAIR AND HUNTINGDON COUNTIES, PA. 

By F. A. Genth. 

{Read before the American Philosophical Society , February 6th, 1874.) 

NO. 1. EAST PENNINGTON BANK. 

The greater portion of thirteen specimens, received for examination, 
was compact, dull, of various shades of brown and had like No. 1 an ad¬ 
mixture of dark brown pitchy ore ; other portions were porous and had 
the cavities lined with botryoidal fibrous brown limonite, others were 
stalactitic. Some of the ore had lost a part of its water of hydration 
and had changed into turgite and even into hematite. Many of the 
pieces showed a considerable admixture of manganese minerals, such as 
wad, minute quantities of pyrolusite and perhaps psilomelane, some con¬ 
tained a large quantity of rounded grains of quartz. 

An average of the whole showed the following composition : 


Ferric oxide 

== 65.88 = 

44.77 Metallic Iron. 

Manganic oxide 

= 6.00 = 

4.18 Metallic Manganese. 

Cobaltic “ 

0.34 


Alumina 

trace 


Magnesia 

0.26 


Lime 

trace 


Phosphoric acid 

0.22 = 

0.097 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

6.38 


Quartz 

7.87 


Water 

13.05 



100.00 



100 Iron and Manganese contain 0.197 Phosphorus. 


NO. 2. WEST PENNINGTON BANK. 

Five specimens were submitted for examination. The ore was mostly 
of various shades of yellowish brown to dark hair-brown and without 
lustre ; in some was an admixture of a dark blackish brown ore with sub- 
conchoidal fracture and a resinous lustre ; some portions had a slight 
waxy lustre, others were earthy and dull. It was amorphous, but in 
places the cavities were lined with a coating of brown fibrous limonite. 
On being breathed upon, it developed a strong argillaceous odor. 



69 


An average of the live specimens contained : 


Ferric oxide 

= 70.93 

Manganic oxide 

= 0.38 

Cobaltic “ 

trace 

Alumina 

2.81 

Magnesia 

0.14 

Lime 

0.08 

Phosphoric acid 

0.37 

Silicic acid 

4.38 

Quartz 

7.91 

Water 

13.00 


100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.32 Phosphorus. 


49.65 Metallic Iron. 


0.16 Phosphorus. 


No. 6. Rumbarger Bank. 

A sample of ore was taken from a pile alongside of the Bank. It is 
mostly amorphous and compact, also somewhat porous, and has the cavi¬ 
ties lined with a thin coating of fibrous limonite ; the cavities are also 
coated with red ochre and at times with yellow ochre. 

The composition was found to be as follows : 


Ferric oxide = 

74.16 = 

51.91 Metallic Iron 

Manganic oxide 

trace 


Alumina 

3.06 


Magnesia 

0.24 


Lime 

trace 


Phosphoric acid 

0.36 = 

0.158 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

6.11 


Quartz 

3.94 


Water 

12.13 

f 


100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.30 

Phosphorus. 



No. 11. Lytle Bank. 


The sample received for examination consisted mainly of amorphous 
compact brown ore, intermixed with fine fibrous limonite. The fibres are 
from | to ^ of an inch in length and form botryoidal coatings ; sometimes 
divergent. The outside covered with yellowish ochreous ore. 


The analysis gave : 


Ferric oxide = 

82.00 

Manganic oxide = 

trace 

Alumina = 

1.94 

Magnesia 

0.17 

Lime 

trace 


57.40 Metallic Iron. 




70 


Phosphoric acid 

0.37 

Silicic acid 

2.98 

Quartz = 

0.44 

Water = 

12.10 


100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.278 Phosphorus. 


0.16 Phosphorus. 


No. 14. Bull Bank. 

The samples for investigation, five in number, were taken from piles of 
ore taken out about thirty years ago. One consisted of a beautiful 
fibrous limonite of a pale hair-brown color and silky lustre, much resem¬ 
bling that from the Lytle Bank, but of fibres two inches in length. The 
others represented the amorphous ores. They are compact, of various 
shades of brown, without lustre ; they contain more or less cavities, 
partly filled with oclireous ore of a yellowish or reddish color. The 
amorphous ores have, on being breathed upon, a strong argillaceous 
odor. 

a. Pure Fibrous Limonite. 


Ferric oxide 

= 81.48 = 

57.04 Metallic Iron 

Manganic oxide 

= 0.07 


Alumina 

= 0.49 


Magnesia 

Lime 

| traces. 


Phosphoric acid 

0.08 = 

0.035 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

3.98 


Water 

13.90 



100.00 



100 Iron contained 0.061 Phosphorus. 


b. Average of the five Samples. 


Ferric oxide 

= 74.85 

Manganic oxide 

= 0.29 

Cobaltic oxide 

0.21 

Alumina 

2.42 

Magnesia 

0.12 

Lime 

trace. 

Phosphoric acid 

0.24 

Silicic acid 

4.15 

Quartz 

5.92 

Water 

11.80 


100.00 


100 Iron contained 0.20 Phosphorus. 


52.40 Metallic Iron. 


0.105 Phosphorus. 







71 


No. 15. Pond Bank No. 1. 

Two of the four specimens received were of a dark brown porous amor¬ 
phous ore with very little lustre, more or less mixed with yellowish and 
reddish oclireous ore ; the third piece was of fi paler brown and con¬ 
tained small quantities of fibrous ore, the fourth was an oclireous ore of 
a pale brown and yellowish color. An average of the four samples con¬ 
tained : 


Ferric oxide 

= 78.68 

Manganic oxide 

= 0.42 

Cobaltic “ 

trace. 

Alumina 

2.89 

Magnesia 

0.20 

Lime 

trace. 

Phosphoric acid 

0.16 

Silicic acid 

3.17 

Quartz 

1.71 

Water 

12.77 


100.00 


55.08 Metallic Iron. 


0.07 Phosphorus. 


100 Iron contain 0.127 Phosphorus. 


No. 16. Red Bank No. 1. 

Five samples of ore received. It is generally an amorphous compact 
ore, with a considerable admixture of sand. Some is more porous, and 
has the cavities lined with fibrous limonite, and more or less filled with 
clay. Emits, when breathed upon, a strong argillaceous odor. Part of 
the specimens had lost a portion of their water of hydration. 


The analysis of an average sample gave : 


Ferric oxide 

65.44 

Manganic oxide 

CO 

tH 

© 

• 

II 

Cobaltic oxide 

trace 

Alumina 

5.31 

Magnesia 

0.16 

Lime 

trace 

Phosphoric acid 

0.21 

Silicic acid 

6.76 

Quartz 

12.78 

Water 

9.21 


45.81 Metallic Iron. 


0.01) Phosphorus. 


100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.195 Phosphorus. 



72 


No. 19. Whorell Bank. 

Two pieces of a tine brown porous amorphous ore of various shades, 
between yellowish and dark-brown ; some portions showing a slight 
pitchy lustre ; the greater part is dull. Has a strong argillaceous odor 
when breathed upon. 


'Phe analysis of an average 

sample gave : 

Ferric oxide = 

69.71 

— 48.80 Metallic Iron. 

Manganic oxide 

0.46 


Cobaltic oxide 

trace 


Alumina 

3.37 


Magnesia 

0.08 


Lime 

trace 


Phosphoric acid = 

0.97 

= 0.43 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

3.51 


Quartz 

9.60 


Water 

12.30 



100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.87 Phosphorus. 


No. 

21. Wrye Bank. 

Five specimens received. 

The ore is 

amorphous, porous, and scori- 

aceous. Some of the cavities are lined 

with a thin coating of fibrous 

ore. The more compact pieces contain 

a large admixture of rounded 

quartz grains. 



An analysis of an average sample gave 

• 

• 

Ferric oxide = 

77.00 

= 53.90 Metallic Iron. 

Manganic oxide 

0.36 


Cobaltic oxide 

trace 


Alumina 

2.15 


Magnesia 

0.14. 


Lime 

0.15 


Phosphoric acid 

0.19 

— 0.08 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

2.60 


Quartz 

5.53 


Water 

11.88 



100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.15 Phosphorus. 


No. 24. 

Dry Hollow Bank. 


Amongst the eight specimens received for examination was one of a 
beautiful variety of fibrous limonite ; the fibres are of about one inch in 




73 


length, also divergent and radiating ; color dark brown, lustre silky ; the 
other ores were both compact and porous amorphous brown limonites, 
some with the cavities lined with fibrous ore, others having them filled 
with ochreous clayish ores. Some of the pieces give a strong argillace¬ 
ous odor, when breathed upon. 

a. Pure Fibrous Limonite. 


Ferric oxide = 

83.13 = 

58.19 Metallio Iron. 

Manganic oxide == 

0.15 


Alumina = 

0.74 


Magnesia 

0.09 


Lime 

trace 


Phosphoric acid 

0.50 = 

0.22 Phosphorus 

Silicic acid 

2.47 


Water 

12.92 



100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.37 Phosphorus. 


b. Average of the eight Specimens. 

Ferric oxide =■= 

75.90 — 

53.13 Metallic Iron. 

Manganic oxide = 

0.16 


Cobaltic oxide = 

trace 


Alumina = 

2.44 


Magnesia 

0.20 


Lime 

trace. 


Phosphoric acid 

0.54 -= 

0.24 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

2.74 


Quartz = 

7.84 


W ater 

10.18 



100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.45 Phosphorus. 


No. 24. b. Red Bank op 1 Dry Hollow. 

An examination of six specimens, showed the general character of the 

ore to be amorphous, of a 

dark brown color, 

and compact ; some pieces 

have cavities lined with 

yellowish brown 

and dark brown fibrous 

limonite; others have rounded quartz grains disseminated through the 
mass. A portion of the ores has lost part of the water of hydration. 
The cavities and fractures are frequently coated or filled with a brownish 

red ochreous ore. 



An average sample of the whole contained : 


Ferric oxide = 

80.34 = 

56.24 Metallic Iron. 

Manganic oxide 

0.52 





74 


Cobaltic oxide 

trace 

Alumina 

1.66 

Magnesia 

0.13 

Lime 

trace 

Phosphoric acid 

0.49 

Silicic acid 

3.18 

Quartz 

2.63 

Water 

11.05 


100.00 


100 Iron contain 0.38 Phosphorus. 


0.215 Phosphorus. 


No. 27. Kerr and Bredin Bank. 

The three specimens received show the ore to be mostly amorphous 
and compact, and of various shades of brown, also earthy ; some parts 
are porous and the cavities lined with fibrous limonite, sometimes in 
botryoidal forms. On being breathed upon, developes a strong argilla¬ 
ceous odor. 


The average of the samples contained : 


Ferric oxide = 

70.67 

Manganic oxide 

0.36 

Cobaltic oxide 

trace 

Alumina 

3.91 

Magnesia 

0.26 

Lime 

trace 

Phosphoric acid — 

0.19 

Silicic acid 

5.48 • 

Quartz 

6.80 

Water 

12.33 


49.47 Metallic Iron. 


0.08 Phosphorus. 


100.00 

100 Iron contain 0.16 Phosphorus. 


No. 28. Hostler Bank. 


One specimen of so-called 1 

‘Pipe Ore.” 

Amorphous, compact and 

earthy, brown to yellowish brown. Porous. 

Stalactitic. Coated with 

yellowish and reddish oclireous 

ore. 


The analysis gave : 



Ferric oxide = 

78.58 = 

55.01 Metallic Iron. 

Manganic oxide 

0.08 


Alumina 

0.88 


Magnesia 

0.54 


Lime 

0.30 


Phosphoric acid 

0.36 = 

0.158 Phosphorus. 




75 


Silicic acid 


4.25 

Quartz 

— 

2.60 

Water 

— 

12.41 



1C0.00 


100 Iron contain 0.28 Phosphorus. 

No. 29. Pennsylvania Bank. 

a. Two samples received for examination. 

Amorphous brown compact ore mixed with ochreous yellowish or red¬ 
dish ore ; Porous, some of the cavities lined with a very fine coating of 
fibrous ore. 

b. So-called Pipe ore. 

Amorphous porous ore, in columnar masses, the cavities filled with fer¬ 
ruginous clay. 

c. Quartz grains, cemented by brown amorphous limonite, and dis¬ 
seminated through it, patches of hydrous manganic oxide and perhaps of 
psilomelane. 

a. Average of two Samples. 


Ferric oxide 

= 81.55 = 

57.10 Metallic Iron. 

Manganic oxide 

0.10 


Cobaltic oxide 

trace 


Alumina 

1.49 


Magnesia 

0.47 


Lime 

trace 


Phosphoric acid 

0.16 =- 

0.07 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

2.98 


Quartz 

1.55 


Water 

11.70 


100.00 

100 Iron contain 0.12 Phosphorus. 


Pipe Ore. 

Ferric oxide 

= 83.74 = 

58.62 Metallic Iron, 

Manganic oxide 

= 0.31 


Cobaltic oxide 

trace 


Alumina 

0.33 


Magnesia 

0.34 


Lime 

trace 

• 

Phosphoric acid 

0.14 = 

0.06 Phosphorus. 

Silicic acid 

2.57 


Quartz 

0.44 


Water 

12.13 



100.00 

100 Iron contain 0.10 Phosphorus. 






e. Sandrock. 


Ferric oxide 

= 43.65 = 

Manganic oxide \ 
Cobaltic oxide ) 

1.55 

Alumina 

2.43 

Magnesia 

1.64 

Lime 

0.12 

Phosphoric acid 

0.27 = 

Silicic acid 

5.19 

Quartz 

36.52 

Water 

8.63 

100 Iron contain 0 

100.00 

.39 Phosphorus. 


30.56 Metallic Iron. 


0.12 Phosphorus. 


Old Cut North op Gatesburg. * 


A peculiar looking amorphous ore, of a brown and yellowish-brown 
color, uneven to subconchoidal fracture, dull or of slight waxy lustre, 
inclining to resinous. It has a strong argillaceous odor when breathed 
upon. 

The composition of the one specimen, which I received for examination, 
was found to be : 


Ferric oxide 

= 71.63 

Manganic oxide \ 
Cobaltic oxide ) 

0.53 

Alumina 

4.63 

Magnesia 

0.37 

Lime 

trace 

Phosphoric acid 

= 1.67 

Silicic acid 

3.69 

Quartz 

4.64 

Water 

12.84 

k 

100.00 

100 Iron contain 1.43 Phosphorus. 


50.14 Metallic Iron. 


0.73 Phosphorus. 


The amount of metallic iron in the calcined ores is as follows : 


No. 1. East Pennington Bank.51.49 per cent. 

“ 2. West Pennington Bank.. . 57.07 “ 

“ 6. Rumbarger Bank. 59.08 “ 

“ 11. Lytle Bank. 65.30 “ 

“ 14. Bull Bank— a , fibrous ore. 66.25 “ 

“ “ — b y average.59.41 “ 


*Mr. Platt’s Station 568. 












77 


No. 15. Pond Bank, No. 1.63.14 per cent. 

“ 16. Red Bank, No. 1. 50.46 “ 

“ 19. Whorell Bank. 55.64 “ 

“ 21. Rye Bank.61.17 “ 

“ 24. Dry Hollow Bank— a , fibrous ore.. 66.82 “ 

u “ “ “ “ — b, average.59.15 “ 

“ 24 b. Red Bank of Dry Hollow. 63.23 “ 

“ 27. Kerr and Bredin Bank. 56.43 “ 

“ 28. Hostler Bank. 62.80 “ 

“ 29. Pennsylvania Bank— a, average.... 64.67 “ 

“ “ “ “ — b , pipe ore-66.71 “ 

“ “ “ “ — c, sandrock. .. 33.44 “ 

Ore from Old Cut N. of Gatesburg. 57.52 “ 


All these ores were examined for Sulphur and Sulphuric acid, but not 
a single one gave a decided reaction for either. They were also examined 
for Titauium, Chromium, Vanadium, and other metals, but with negative 
results. 

Their only constituent, which has an injurious effect upon the quality 
of the iron, produced from the same, is phosphoric acid ; most of them, 
however, contain it in too small a quantity to be of much harm. Only 
two of the samples contain it in a larger proportion. 

For better comparison, I will arrange the amounts of Phosphorus 
which would be contained in 100 parts of iron, provided no loss of either 
would be sustained : 


Fibrous ore of Bull Bank.0.06 Phosphorus. 

Pipe ore of Pennsylvania Bank.0.10 “ 

Average ore of “ “ .0.12 “ 

Pond Bank, No. 1.0.127 “ 

Wrye Bank.0.15 

Kerr and Bredin Bank.0.16 

Red Bank No. 1.0.195 

N. E. or Upper Pennington Bank.0.197 

Average of Bull Bank.0.20 “ . 

Lytle Bank.0.278 

Hostler Bank.0.28 

Rumbarger Bank.0.30 

S. W. or Lower Pennington Bank.0.32 

Fibrous ore of Dry Hollow Bank.0.37 “ 

Red Bank of Dry Hollow.0.38 

Sandrock of Pennsylvania Bank.0.39 

Dry Hollow Bank.0.45 

Whorell Bank.0.87 

Old cut N. of Gatesburg.1.43 


Of all the ores submitted for examination only two appeared to be in a 
































78 


sufficient state of purity to throw light upon their constitution, as they 
were crystalline, and free from visible impurities. For this reason they 
were examined separately. 

* Taking into consideration only their principal constituents, viz : F erric 

oxide, Silicic acid and water, the question arises, in which form the 
silicic acid is present, as it is undoubtedly in chemical combination with 
the ferric oxide and not in the form of a mechanical admixture of sand. 
If pieces of these fibrous limonites are placed into strong chlorhydric 
acid, all the ferric oxide will be extracted, and the silicic acid will remain 
in the shape of the original pieces, of a snow-white color and fibrous 
structure. The only hydrous ferric silicates, which are known, are An- 
thosiderite and Degeroeite. The former is a crystalized mineral, which 
has a composition, represented by the formula 2Fe 2 0 3 , 9Si0 2 -f2H 2 0. 
It is very probable that, although observed in its pure state only at one 
locality, it occurs frequently as an admixture with other iron ores.—If 
we calculate for the 3.98 per cent, of silicic acid in the fibrous mineral 
from Bull Mine, the requisite quantities of ferric oxide and water, we 
find 2.36 per cent, of ferric oxide and 0.26 per cent, of water, making an 
admixture of 6.60 per cent, of anthosiderite. The atomic ratio between 
the remaining 79.12 per cent, of ferric oxide and 13.64 per cent, of water 
is 1 : 1.53 or very near 2 : 3, showing the hydrous ferric oxide to belimo- 
nite = 2 F*e 2 0 3 , 3 H 2 O. 

If in the same manner we examine into the composition of the fibrous 
mineral from the Dry Hollow, the 2.47 silicic acid require 1.46 per cent, 
ferric oxide and 0.17 water, giving an admixture of 4.10 per cent, of 
anthosiderite.—The atomic ratio between the remaining 81.67 per cent of 
ferric oxide and 12.75 per cent, of water is 1: 1.4, which also shows the 
ferric hydrate to be limonite, which, however, has already lost a small 
part of its water. 

The above analyses show besides the mechanically admixed rounded 
grains of sand, which I distinguish as “quartz,” a considerable quantity 
of silicic acid, which is in chemical combination, probably as a hydrous 
ferric oxide. But as it is impossible to say what the true character of 
this mineral may be, whether anthosiderite, or degeroeite a silicate of 
the composition Fe 2 0 3 , 2Si0 2 -j-3H 2 0 or a species not yet known in its 
pure state, suffice it to say that all these ores are mechanical mixtures 
of limonite with hydrous ferric silicate and minute quantities of hydrous 
ferric phosphate, perhaps dufrenite or cacoxenite ; some of the ores con¬ 
tain besides these, small quantities of manganese ores, mostly the so- 
called “ bog-manganese” or wad, but also pyrolusite and psilomelane. 

It is a very remarkable fact that, although these iron ores are to a great 
extent at least, the result of the decomposition of limestones and by them 
precipitated, that almost the entire amount of lime has been washed 
out of them and only traces are remaining ; of the second constituent of 
the limestones, the magnesia, a somewhat larger quantity is left be¬ 
hind, owing undoubtedly to the lesser solubility of its carbonate in car¬ 
bonic acid water. 


79 


Of the limestones only a few typical varieties have been more fully in¬ 
vestigated, especially those from the Hostler and Pennsylvania Banks. 

Limestone at head of Hostler Bank. 

It has a tine crystalline granular structure and is mottled, whitish and 
grey ; the surface is coated with ochreous argillaceous iron ore. 

A pure specimen from which the iron had been carefully removed, con- 


tained : 


Carbonate of Iron 

= 0.80 = 0.39 Metallic iron. 

“ “ Manganese 

= 0.19 = 

“ “ Magnesia 

= 35.19 = 16.76 Magnesia. 

“ “ Lime 

--= 59.44 = 33.28 Lime. 

Quartz and Silicic Acid 

3.84 

Alumina 

0.54 


100.00 


The atomic ratio between Magnesia and Lime is 1: 1.4, which is the 
composition of some of the “pearlspar ” varieties of dolomite. 


Limestone in Hostler Bank. 


It lies four feet thick over 33 feet of pipeore. It has an ash-grey color 
and a very fine grain, which is hardly perceptible to the naked eye ; very 
friable. Its composition was found to be : 

Carbonate of Iron = 0.50 = 0.24 Metallic Iron. 

“ “ Manganese = 0.24 


“ “ Magnesia 

“ “ Lime 

Quartz and Silicic Acid 
Alumina 
Water 


= 42.52 = 20.25 Magnesia. 
= 51.82 = 29.02 Lime. 

4.33 

0.42 

0.17 


100.00 


The atomic ratio between Magnesia and Lime is 1: 1, which shows it to 
be a true dolomite. 


Upper Limestone from Pennsylvania Bank. 


Dark grey compact, slightly crystalline. # 
The analysis gave the following results : 
Carbonate of Iron = 1.31 = 

“ “ Manganese = 0.18 

“ “ Magnesia 3.98 — 


“ “ Lime 

Quartz and Silicic Acid 
Alumina 


72.G7 = 
18.05 
3.81 


100.00 


0.63 Metallic Iron. 

1.90 Magnesia. 
40.69 Lime. 


The atomic ratio between magnesia and lime is 1: 15. 





80 


Limestone in the Pennsylvania Bank. 

Pale asli grey, very finely crystalline, rough to the touch like rotten 
stone, very friable and easily falling to powder. 


Its composition was found to 

be: 


Carbonate of Iron 

= 0.45 

— 0.22 Metallic Iron. 

“ “ Manganese 

= 0.00 


“ “ Magnesia 

42.39 

= 20.19 Magnesia. 

“ “ Lime 

51.25 

= 28.70 Lime. 

Quartz and Silicic Acid 

5.03 


Alumina 

0.82 



100.00 



The atomic ratio between Magnesia and Lime=l : 1, shows it to be a 
true dolomite. 

Another Variety of Limestone in the Pennsylvania Bank. 

Yellowish grey, soft, rotten, feels rough to the touch, sandy ; crystal¬ 
line ; has a laminated structure. Its analysis gave : 


Carbonate of Iron 

= 1.18 

= 0.57 Metallic Iron. 

“ “ Manganese 

trace 


“ “ Magnesia 

35.51 

= 16.91 

“ “ Lime 

45.73 

= 25.61 

Quartz and Silicic Acid 

15.83 


Alumina 

. 1.75 

100.00 



The atomic ratio between Magnesia and Lime=l : 1.08 proves it also 
to be a true dolomite. 

It is remarkable that the limestones and dolomites, of which I give the 
analyses, contain almost the entire amount of silicic acid as quartz, only 
a small quantity is present as soluble silicic acid and in combination with 
alumina. If the limestones and dolomites are dissolved in acid, the 
quartz remains often as a scoriaceous mass or in irregular sandy but 
not rounded or water-worn grains ; sometimes it forms large coherent 
slaty masses in the limestone, frequently filled with minute cavities, 
previously occupied by rhombohedral crystals of dolomite. [Similar 
pieces found in the Pennsylvania Bank are white, like porcelain and 
show the same cavities of rhombohedral crystals. Other varieties of 
limestone in the Pennsylvania Bank have a still greater admixture of 
quartz and are a real calciferous sand rock.* 

University of Pennsylvania, January 23d, 1874. 

* These analyses summed up about 100, most of them a little above, one or two a little 
below, but all within the limits of unavoidable error ; for better comparison I thought 
it advisable to calculate them for 100.00, from the actual result obtained. (F. A. Genth.) 






81 


Analyses* of Pennsylvania Pife, and Pennington Ore. 

3, Devonshire Terrace, Kensington, London, W., 

January 5t/t, 1871. 

Dear Sir: —Herewith I beg to forward you the results of my analysis 
of the two samples of ore, marked, respectively, “Pipe Ore” and “Pen¬ 
nington Bank.” 

The whole of the samples w^ere intimately pulverized together in each 


; they contain 

PIPE ORE. PENNINGTON BANK. 

Silica. 

.10.84 

5.42 

Peroxide of Iron. 

Protoxide of Iron. 

.73.18 

79.05 

Aluminia. 

. 2,51 

1.29 

Oxide of Manganese. 

Carbonate of Lime. 

.20 

.11 

Carbonate of Magnesia.. 

. 1.20 

Magnesia. .11 

Phosphoric Acid. 

.17 

.04 

Combined Water. 

. 9.09 

10.57 

Moisture. 

. 1.81 

3.55 

Sulphur. 



* 

99.80 

100.14 

Metallic Iron. 

. 51.81 

55.34 

“ “ exclusive of Water... 


64.35 


Both these samples are rich iron ores, sample “Pennington Bank” 
being nearly pure brown hematite. The pipe ore is a harder ore than 
“ Pennington Bank ” ore. 

I consider both samples of ore adapted for the manufacture of Besse¬ 
mer Pig. 

Believe me to remain, yours, very faithfully, 

Edward Riley, F. C. S., 
Metallurgist , Analytical and Consultiny Chemist. 


Analysis of “Pipe Ore,” “Kerr & Bredin” and Pennington 
Bank Ores, by Oh. Aldendorf, Sub-Director of tiie George- 
Marien ITutte High Furnaces, March 0, 1872. 


Water. 

Si O 2 1 

Insoluble Residue, ^ 2 q 3 c • • 
Oxide of Iron, F 2 0 3 . 


PIPE ORE. 

KERR A BREDIN. 

PENNINGTON 

11.190 

10.540 

12.340 

5.120 

13.400 

5.450 

82.050 

73.560 

79.450 


* These analyses by an English chemist of well known reputation, especially en¬ 
trusted by Mr. Bessemer with his numerous and important analyses, is here added for 
comparison. 




















8 -! 




PIPE ORE. 

KERR k BREDIN. 

PENNINGTON 

Alumina, 

A1 2 0 3 . 

1.650 

2.840 

3.096 

Oxide Manganese, 

Mn 2 0 3 .... 

0.270 

0.190 

0.440 

Chalk, 

CaO. 

0.370 

0.460 

0.440 

Magnesia, 

MgO. 

trace. 

trace. 

trace. 

Phos. Acid, 

P.O 5 . 

0.080 

0.280 

0.064 

Sulphuric Acid, 

S.O . 3 . 

trace. 

trace. 

trace. 



100.730 

101.270 

101.280 

Per cent. Metallic 

Iron. 

57.435 

51.492 

55.615 

Phosphorus in 100 Iron. 

0.061 

0.238 

0.053 

Per ct. Iron, excluding Water, 

64.150 

56.075 

62.540 


“ The Pipe and Pennington Ores if melted together would make a very 
superior Bessemer Iron. The Kerr & Brediu alone an inferior Bessemer 
Iron. A separate analysis, however, of Kerr & Bredin shows that its 
Phosphorus is concentrated in the Clay thereto attached, and it may be 
that this Ore may be made available for Bessemer Pig, by proper treat¬ 
ment before smelting.” 


Analysis of Pennsylvania Furnace Limestone by Otto Wuth, 

Chemist, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

From Quarry near the Furnace—a grey crystaline Stone : 


Silicic Acid. 5.08 

Alumina. 1.34 

Carbonate of Iron.09 

“ “ Lime.91.53 

“ “ Magnesia. 1.31 

Sulphate of Lime.trace. 

Organic Matter.05 


From Ore Bank Rail Road Cut — a partly crystalline drab-colored 


■ stone : 

Silicic Acid. 4.93 

Alumina.24 

Carbonate of Iron.87 

“ “ Lime.84.66 

“ “ Magnesia. 8.98 

Sulphate of Lime.....H 

• Organic Matter... 21 


























83 


Gray Crystalline Stone, south side of road from Half Moon Run to 


Hostler Bank, near the Half Moon Run. 

Silicic Acid. 2.71 

Alumina. . 

Carbonate of Iron. 1.80 

“ “ Lime.83.91 

“ “ Magnesia.11.14 

Sulphate of Lime.12 

Organic Matter.21 

Smooth Grey Stone from north side of road near the foregoing : 

Silicic Acid... 0.87 

Alumina. 1.35 

Carbonate of Iron. 75 

“ “ Lime.86.42 

“ “ Magnesia. 4.24 

Sulphate of Lime.21 

Organic Matter.16 


Mining Methods. 

It will be seen from the above descriptions, that mining operations 
have been mostly carried on in this region in an irregular and primitive 
style. I requested Mr. John W. Harden to give me the benefit of his 
great and varied experience as a mining engineer and superintendent, 
both in the English and in the American collieries and iron mines, in 
stating what ought to be the most economical mode of entering on and 
exhausting the Nittany Valley limestone deposits. His recent success in 
increasing the export of limonite from Pinegrove Furnace banks south of 
Carlisle, by a judicious application of a system of regular approaches, 
justifies me in placing a high value on any practical suggestions he has 
to offer respecting similar deposits. 

He therefore visited the Pennington, Dry Hollow, Kerr & Bredin, 
Pennsylvania Furnace, and other Banks above described; and the follow¬ 
ing extracts from his report will show that there is but one conclusion 10 
arrive at, and that a very simple one ; viz., that the system to be almost 
universally adopted is that by open-cuts, approached from the direc¬ 
tion of the railway, at the lowest possible levels, and worked to the 
right and left, in advancing slopes, one above the other ; that the deep 
rich-ores should be worked at the same time with the upper wash-ores, 
or not greatly in arrear of them, so that the wash-ore thus won may pay 
the expenses of uncovering the richer lower ores; and that where surface 
water is scarce, bore-holes should be sunk to serve the double purpose of 
exploration and water supply. 

Whether additional and larger furnaces be erected in the Valley, or 
whether the ores be sent by rail to the Iron Works in Eastern and 

















84 


Western Pennsylvania, in both contingencies an exploitation of ore must 
be provided for, amounting annually to many hundred thousand tons 
per annum. 

The largest mining operation in the Valley being that of the Pennsyl¬ 
vania Furnace, Mr. Harden takes the account book of the works at that 
point for a practical basis of calculation of the cost of exploitation. It 
is evident that mining conditions through the Valley are very similar. 
No system of between-rock mining will be required for many years. But 
exploring drifts and shafts will be necessary, and under-cutting where the 
clays are destitute of ore and too thick to remove. Most of the work 
however must be done in open cuts of great extent, with simple 
machinery for obtaining water and washing 'the entire mass of ore- 
ground to the very bottom, or to the deep rock-ores, which can be quarried 
and used without washing. In many cases the rock-ore, and in some 
cases the clay-ore, can be followed downward between solid masses of 
limestone rock ; but this must be done in connection with the open-cuts. 

At the Pennington Banks there appear to be from 50 to 80 feet of 
wash-ore and clays overlying from 8 to 16 feet of rock-ore. 

At the Dry Hollow Banks there is a stripping at the surface from 5 to 
15 feet deep containing but little ore ; then wasli-ore with sands and 
sandy clays to a depth of 20 or 30 feet before reaching rock-ore. 

At the Hostler Banks a top stripping of 5 feet or more, covers 50 to 
60 feet of wash-ore in clay, under which lie the pipe-ores, which are re¬ 
ported as having been in one place over 40 feet deep ; limestone layers 
covering and dividing the mass. The miner who sunk the last shaft in¬ 
formed Mr. Harden that it went down 60 feet through wash-ore, 5 feet 
through solid limestone, and 7 feet in pipe-ore on one side of it, and 
wash-ore on the other side ; water stopping further sinking. 

At the Pennsylvania Furnace Banks, the entire mass from the surface 
to the floor of the quarry is wash-ore mixed with clay and sand. The 
whole of this mass has been washed. “ In one place a 13 feet face of 
excavation gave 3 to 4 feet of surface soil and sienna-colored sandy-wash, 
the remainder below it being a sandy, whitish ochre, and sienna colored 
clay, streaked and marbled with red and brown, and some, not large 
lumps of ore. Scattered through the whole, in considerable quantity 
in some places, are small pieces of quartz which are picked out after the 
ore has passed over the trays. In another part of the diggings this quartz, 
from the size of shot to lumps 3 or 4 inches thick, is scattered through 
the mass.* Some masses of this quartz, of one or two cubic feet in size, 
lie about the quarry. 

“In a deeper part of the diggings where the face of iron and work 
measures 45 or 50 feet, in two heights of 15 and 30 to 35 feet, now being 
moved to the inclined plane for washing, the face is made up of sand and 
various colored clays holding ore, all of which is washed. Limestone 
appears at the bottom and pipe-ore has been found underneath it.” 

* Mr. Harden gives an analysis of this quartz: Water, 0.50, Silica, 96.00, Iron and 
alumina, 1.76, undetermined, 168. 


85 


Mr. Harden advises that the stripping of wasli-ore be not carried on 
far in advance of the lifting of the rock and pipe-ore at the bottom ; be¬ 
cause, even where the farming interest does not interfere, such a plan 
“disturbs the equal distribution of dead work” and prevents the re¬ 
jection of those parts of the stripping which do not pay well for washing. 
Ample room ought to be got early for lifting the entire mass of rich 
bottom ores. 

“With a good roomy open cutting the mass of wash ore should cost no 
more to move than so much ordinary excavation.” “ The ore-earth is 
loaded into cars carrying 29^- cubic feet, led by horses to the foot of the 
incline, 300 to 500 feet, whence it is lifted 37 feet on a grade of 14°, to a 
level with the washers, by a 12 inch cylinder steam engine, 2 foot stroke, 
ar,d pair of 8 foot drums. The car load is again dragged 150 feet and 
dumped into the washing troughs, in which revolve three Arcliimedian 
screw-propeller shafts 20, 26, and 26 feet long respectively. The shafts 
are of decagonial timber, 15 inches in diameter on the facets of which 
are screwed cast iron blades. The ore travels 72 feet, and is dropped into 
two classifying screens, the sand and mud being floated olf to the settling 
dam. The screens have £ inch and ^ inch meshes. The ore falls on sheet 
iron trays where the quartz is picked out. The washers are driven by a 
16 inch cylinder engine, 54 inch stroke ; the steam being generated in 
two double flue boilers 30 feet long and 40 inches in diameter. The water 
arrives by an aqueduct 2000 feet long mounted on tressels arranged along 
the top of the hill. It is fed by a pipe of 12 inch diameter laid up the 
hill-side to a vertical height of 110 feet above a double Worthington 
pump with 20 inch steam and 15 inch water cylenders ; the fall of reser¬ 
voir is 1 foot in 250. The steam boilers for the pump are also 30 feet long 
by 40 inches diameter, driving also a Blake stone-cruslier, used for the 
flux. 

The digging of the ore is said to be done by contract at half the price 
of'ordinary earth. 

Six cubic yards of earth has been found to produce an average of one 
ton of washed ore, the diggers being paid 16 cents per car-load of 29.58 
cubic feet — 23.67 of solid earth. A cubic yard will therefore cost 18j 
cents and a ton of ore $1.09. The ore delivered at the furnace costing 
$2, there remains 91 cents for leading, raising, washing, picking and 
delivery. 

But the great economy of this operation can be duly realized only by 
remembering that the earth washed and ore utilized is that which under 
any other circumstances would be dumped on one side as “spoil,” and as 
such chargeable against the lower and better ore. “ Seeing also that in so 
utilizing this (otherwise ! refuse just so much dead charge is removed, we 
are led to anticipate a less costly production of the ore which follows it; 
and we have ground for contemplating equally favorable results at other 
banks, the same course being pursued.” 

The Furnace stands under the high bank of Spruce Creek, with its 


village occupying the upper slopes on both sides of the Creek, and the 
farms stretching south and east to the foot of the mountain. It is a stack 
43 feet high, 94 feet across the boshes, 48 inch tunnel, slope of boshes 68°, 
hearth feet high, 48 inches wide at top and 30 inches at the bottom, with 
two cold air tuyeres, fed from blowing-tubs G.4 long, driven by a 1G inch 
cylinder engine, 4£ feet stroke. A Cameron blast 22 inch steam cylinder 
and G X 5 feet blowing-tub is held in reserve. Steam is generated in three 
30 feet cylinders, 42 inches in diameter, fed with Creek water by a No. 4 
Cameron steam pump, with a No. 8 Earl steam pump in reserve. Another 
steam-engine drives three lathes. 

The uniform yield of the furnace has been 100 tons per week. It is 
now changed to hotblast, by the recent erection of a Pleyer oven 17X5X2^ 
feet, with six tiers of pipes, in a building 17 X 12. 


THE FOSSIL ORE BELT. 

On the north-west flank of the Bald Eagle Mountain the Medina Red 
Sand-stone and the Clinton Red Shales and Marls, all standing vertical 
at the out-crop, (see figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,) bring up to the surface the Upper 
Soft and Lower Hard Fossil Ore Beds, long and extensively worked at 
Frankstown in Blair County, 15 miles south of Tyrone City. 

One or other of these out-crops may be noticed at three points marked 
on the west flank of the Bald Eagle Mountain in the Large Topographi¬ 
cal Map accompanying this report. 

On a separate and smaller Map of the same Mountain, continued to the 
south of Tyrone under the local name of Brush Mountain, both out-crops 
may be seen in the same relative positions. 

On the sheet containing this smaller Map are three geological cross 
sections, two of which show the vertical attitude of the fossil ore-beds at 
Tyrone City Gap, and the third their more inclined attitude at Dysarts 
Mine, at the south limit of Lyon, Sliorb & Co.’s lands, four miles south 
of Tyrone City Gap. By the time the beds reach Frankstown they get 
to be nearly horisontal. Beyond Hollidaysburg they become vertical 
again, owing to the Morrison’s Cove fault (which exactly simulates the 
Bellefonte fault), and again they die away to the horisontal on Dunnings 
Creek. At Bedford they are again vertical ; and so they alternately 
stand and fall through Virginia and Tennessee. 

In the other direction from Tyrone City, north-eastward, the vertical 
attitude of the fossil ore-beds is pretty well maintained for forty miles ; 
past Bellefonte, Lock Haven and Wilkesbarre, to Muncy, where they fold 
almost liorisontally around the east end of the Bald Eagle (Muncy) 
Mountain. 

Wherever the out-crops of the fossil ore-beds of No. V. have been ex¬ 
amined. along their out-crops to the north-east of the Tyrone neighbor¬ 
hood, they have been found too thin to work ; at least, for cold blast 



S7 

charcoal furnace use, in the presence of the magnificent deposits of brown 
hematite in the Lower Silurian Limestones (No. II). 

But from the neighborhood of Tyrone City Cap southward, past 
Frankstown, Holidaysburg and Bedford, they have paid well for mining, 
and continue to furnish an apparently inexhaustible fund of 30 per cent, 
to 40 per cent, ore to the large coke-furnaces of Blair and Cambria 
Counties. 

By comparing my larger topographical Map with Mr. Lowrie’s Land 
Map it will be seen that the out-crops of Fossil Ore on Lyon, Shorb & 

Co.’s lauds range in an unbroken lint from the Abner Webb tract to the 
Shippen tract, a distance of ten and a half (104) miles, and always in an 
attitude nearly or quite vertical ; falling off at the south end to 60° W. 

N.W. 

The geological order of the beds at Frankstown, where they are exten¬ 
sively mined, is by careful measurement as follows : 

Red Shale of No. Y. (Clinton Group.) 
e. Soft fossil ore, small single bed, 3 to 8 inches. 

Red Shale, 100 feet. 

d. Soft fossil ore-bed. 1 

Yellow ochre, 10 feet. ^ In all 25 to 40 inches. 

c. Soft fossil double ore-bed. j 

Red shales and some thin sand stones, 400 feet. 

Chocolate slates, 20 feet. 

b. Frankstown main soft ore-bod, 14 to 16 inches. 

Grey and dove colored slates, 17 feet. 

Red sand stones and shales, 155 feet. 
a. Hard fossil ore-bed, about 10 feet. 

Red and grey sand stones of IY, to the crest of the Mountain, say 700 
feet. 

a. HARD FOSSIL ORE BED. 

I ) > 

> 

This is a layer of sand charged with peroxide of iron and full of minute 
fossil shells and encrinal discs the calcareous parts of which are dissolved 
away. It forms a bed of ore yielding by analysis about 30 per cent, of 
iron ; and in the furnace 3£ to 34 tons of it make a ton of metal, always 
cold-short, and therefore chiefly valuable when mixed in proper propor¬ 
tions with other ores. 

Prof. Persifor Frazer’s analysis of specimens taken from the middle 
bench in Dysart’s Mine recently opened (see smaller Map), made for me 
in his laboratory in the University of Pennsylvania, is as follows : 


Specific gravity : 3 26. 


Sesquioxide of iron. 


.38.48 

l 

Metallic iron 

Protoxide of iron. 


. 4.37 

J 

30.34 

Silica. 


.37.09 



Alumina. 


. 9.56 



Lime. 


. 1.08 









Magnesia. 

Alkalies. 

Phosphoric Acid 

Sulphur. 

Loss by ignition. 


a trace. 

2.54 

1.48 

0.05 (trace.) 
, 4.50 


Total. 100.00 

At Howard Furnace the ore was analysed, &c., some years ago and 
found to contain 28 per cent, of iron. 

The bed was here found standing at 80° towards the N. N. W. and 
only 22 inches thick. 

In the end of the Mountain south of Tyrone City this bed has been re¬ 
cently opened at a height of 260 feet (by barometer) above the Juniata 
River, the slope of the surface being 40°, and the pitch of the bed at the 
out-crop 60° into the mountain (S. E). But this is due to the creep of 
the out-crop down hill. The body of the bed stands vertical. 

There is 6^ feet of rock-ore between overlying sandy shales and under¬ 
lying foot shales ; only the upper 22 inches of the bed in six plies is here 
workable. 

At Dysart’s, 4 miles south of Tyrone city, a tunnel 20 feet long, 575 
feet (bar.) above the level of the Juniata, strikes the bed pitching 50° to 
60° (at the two headings, right and left)* towards the N. 50° W. About 
six feet of ore is here mined and sent to Pittsburgh, via. Tipton Station 
on the Pennsylvania Railroad at the foot of the mountain opposite the 
mine. 

At the heading in Oct. 1873 was seen the following order of layers : 


Fossil ore, at mouth of tunnel in soft rotten shale.G inches. 

Rock in tunnel.16 feet. 

Hard lean fossil ore. 1 “ 5 inches. 

Hard fossil ore. 2 “ 10 “ 

Clay parting. 2 “ 

Hard fossil ore. 2 “ 0 “ 


Soft shale floor rotted into compact mud, the water bearing stiatum. 

In October 1873 a Pittsburgh furnace was doing good work mixing \ of 
this Tipton (Dysart) ore with f of a very pure ore; deficient in silica and 
alumina, which deficiency the hard fossil ore supplied; and that, without 
any marked prejudice to the run of the furnace as to quantity, although 
two-thirds of the Tipton ore went below 40 per cent, and one-tliird below 
20 per cent, of iron ; the Tipton ore making good cinder, and thus re¬ 
lieving a part of the pure ore from that duty. The quality of the pig- 
metal produced after the mixture was adopted remained unchanged. 

This aspect of the future utility of this lowest deposit a of the fossil 
ore series of N. V. is important. 

At Frankstown the bed sometimes reaches a thickness of ten feet. 


* Higher up, red sandstone at the surface dips 78°. 
















89 


On tlie southeast flank of Tussey Mountain at R. H. Powell’s mines, 
ten miles southeast of Frankstown, the same bed varies from 15 to 25 
feet in thickness, and shows three well-marked benches, an upper and a 
lower of sandy rock ore, and a middle bench, 5 or 6 feet thick, of soft 
rich fossil ore, which is mined by the Cambria Iron Co. and transported 
in large quantities ninety (90) miles by railroad via. Huntingdon and 
Tyrone city across the Alleghany Mountain to the Company’s furnaces 
at Johnstown in Cambria County, for mixing with coal-measure ores 
(mined back of the furnaces) and high grade ores from Lake Superior 
and Missouri. 

This is another practical evidence of the importance of this deposit to 
the pig-metal make in America. 

The bed is absolutely continuous and uninterrupted. Its outcrop can 
always be found at a well-defined elevation on the flank of the Upper 
Silurian Mountain, and about two-tliirds of the distance from the base 
towards the summit. But the bed is very variable in thickness even in 
distances of a few hundred yards, and ought to be opened in many places 
along its run of nearly eleven miles through Lyon, Shorb & Company’s 
lands, before any extensive mining plant is made. 

Its solid contents above water level is very large. Southwest of the 
Tyrone gap it contains above water level from one to three million cubic 
yards of ore, according as its thickness varies from three to nine feet. 
Northeast of the gap, it contains one to two millions more, allowing for 
the probable general thinning of the bed in that direction ; but as ex¬ 
perience has taught us that sections of its outcrop are very likely to show 
an exceptionally great thickness, the estimate may be indefinitely in¬ 
creased. 

Along the whole 10^ miles of outcrop it runs parallel to and within less 
than a mile of first-class railways, (the Pennsylvania Railway, and the 
Bald Eagle Valley Railway,) which offer facilities for distributing it to 
furnaces in northern, eastern, and western Pennsylvania. It is also 
exposed on both sides of the Tyrone Gap, on the line of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad, so that a main gangway a mile long can be driven in just high 
enough above grade to allow of sliutes on a siding. 

This bed in its descent beneath the surface and water level probably 
suffers no such change as that which the soft fossil ores (to be next 
described) suffer, and it can therefore be mined hereafter to an indefinite 
distance downwards by shafts and slopes. This fact adds many millions 
of tons of available ore to the estimate given above. 

Soft Fossil Oiie Beds. 

About 40 inches of this ore may be looked for along its outcrop wliere- 
ever the deposit c , d, is in good order. Sometimes its three beds are near 
enough to mine in one gallery. Oftentimes one or another of them is want¬ 
ing. Often they lie ten, twelve or more feet asunder. The variations are 
frequent and rapid. Several hundred feet beneath the triple bed e, d, 




90 


occurs at Frankstown bed b , so thick as to be called there the main bed. 
A hundred feet above the triple bed c, at Frankstown is still another 
layer a few inches thick. 

It is important to note the Older in which these deposits occur to the 
explorer descending the mountain side from the outcrop of the hard 
fossil ore, because it is very evident, that the occasional openings made 
along the range on one or other of the three principal soft fossil ore out¬ 
crops, viz. b; — c, d; — e ;—are very misleading. The Bald Eagle Moun¬ 
tain was formany years condemned by geologists as destitute of workable 
fossil ore, because the number of beds was not known ; no comparison 
of localities was made ; no complete section down the mountain slope, at 
any one place. Since the different beds vary in thickness constantly 
ar.d rapidly, and apparently under a law which may be rudely stated 
thus : when one bed thickens it is at the expense of the others , as if there 
was but a certain quantity of iron at command and sometimes one bed 
would get more than its share, and sometimes another,—it follows that 
the value of any tract on the mountain side can be determined only after 
a thorough trial of all three (live) outcrops of soft fossil ore has been 
made ; and in no instance has this been done, in the range of 10£ miles 
upon the Lyon, Shorb & Co.’s lands, nor between them and Frankstown, 
nor eist of them. 

Every road decending the west face of the mountain exposes one or 
more of these outcrops ; the highest (lowest geologically) being always 
50 or 60 yards below the hard fossil outcrop, where the sandstones of the 
crest commence. 

The red sandstones of the cresi and first steep pitch of mountain side 
between the crest and the hard fossil outcrop, send a multitude of frag¬ 
ments down over the soft yellow and red shales forming the middle slope 
of the mountain, aud under these the soft fossil outcrops lie concealed. 
The gentle foot-slopes of the mountain are occupied by limestones, 
marls and red shales. 

One of the soft fossil beds has been opened 1,300 yards northeast of 
Tyrone city, as shown on the Brush Mountain map accompanying this 
report, at an elevation of 370 feet above Railroad grade. A limestone 
bed crops out 70 yards down the slope (above it geographically) at 320 
feet above railroad grade. The ore-bed is opened by a tunnel and “is 18 
inches thick,” including some thin layers of ferriferous fossil limestone. 
It stands “vertical,” or overturned slightly so as to dip into the moun¬ 
tain in a direction S. 48° E. 

Nothing is known of the other beds. 

Experience at Danville and Bloomsburg in Eastern Pennsylvania has 
proved that the soft fossil ore can be extensively mined when only 16 or 
18 inches thick (on a general average of the workings) as may be seen 
by reference to the very important chapter written on this subject by 
Prof. H. D. Rogers at page 440 and onward in the first volume of the 
Final Report of the Geology of Pennsylvania. Experience at Franks- 



,/7/nm£y.^ 


H/a // ft 


p/Jyej'tj ,Al/ll 


ftKDcpo!- 

'-JCtdshnte 


H<xrdore(Z70ft 

\ I**'') 


dUZteecty, 

in tett-foof contno r-/Sncs, 

of f/e Structure aw/ Sros/on of tSu/d/i tSto////t/r///, 

s/tototuy tie /Jctfcnyys of t/c {fro 

ItoperSifur/eon fossil Sm/ the Steels 

/Jassiny i/f/rozre {Jap. PS fair tro. 

tye/r/rtyh rt/iia. 

P&yJ. P.'Lcsfet/, Prof. Geo/. //n/wrXPa P/J/ffs/eZ/t/ttir . J8/*\ 


Wh/tc Sand'S*c) 
Kedss(soo) 


Middle 
Silurian 
Red shate 

(y nvh.) 




























































91 


town has been similar. But at these localities the gentle dip has its 
bearing upon the economy of miaing, and perhaps upon the question of 
depth to which the softening of the fossil limestone into soft fossil ore has 
gone. I say perhaps, because it was Mr. Rogers’ fixed opinion that the 
fossil ore would not be found fit for mining operations along those runs 
of outcrop where the beds stood at a steep angle, or vertical. This 
opinion must be set aside, since the long horisontal gangways, at water 
level, at Bedford, have yielded the soft ore in a perfect condition at a 
depth of several hundred feet vertically beneath the outcrop. 

It is safe therefore to expect, in the ten or eleven miles of ore-range 
to find one or more of the beds at other place, of workable thickness 
and in good condition, with an average breast above water level of from 
200 to 400 feet. If only 18 inches of proper ore can be got from all five 
beds, along the whole 10£ miles, there exists practically 925,000 cubic 
yards of the ore above water level. If the average thicknesses mined 
at Frankstown extend to Tyrone city, then there exists in the four 
miles of mountain side along the Pennsylvania Railway alone, and above 
water level alone, 42 to G4 inches X 7,040 x 100 = 2,464,000 to 3,731,- 
200 , = say three millions of cubic yards of ore.* 

It is not to be expected that all the beds can be mined at any one place ; 
but a million of tons of good merchantable soft fossil ore to be won from 
the southwest division of the Lyon, Shorb & Co.’s lands, above water level 
cannot be an unreasonable estimate. 

This ore is greatly esteemed and extensively used by all the furnaces 
of Pennsylvania which can get it, as an enriching flux for leaner iron¬ 
stones, and as a fusable mixture for refractory highgrade magnetites. 
At Frankstown and elsewdiere it has furnished the greater part of the 
burden ; and at other furnaces it is mixed in large proportions with 
brown hematites. It always holds lime in the condition of undissolved 
fossil shells, and works kindly with the sandy rock fossil (a) of the same 
(Upper Silurian) formation. 

The Brown Hematites op VI. 

I shall say but little of these, and with much hesitation. 

There runs a chain of low hills along the foot of the Bald Eagle (Brush) 
Mountain, the southeast side of which is limestone, the crest sandstone, 
and the northwest side black slate. The sandstone (VII) marks the top 
of the Silurian System, and the bottom of the Devonian System. The 
limestone (YI) corresponds in Pennsylvania to the Lower Helderburg 
and Niagara Falls limestone group of New York State and Canada. It 
is everywhere ferriferous, and at certain poiuts yields astonishing quan¬ 
tities of excellent brown hematite ore. Such a point is Baker’s Mine 
between Tyrone city and Altoona on the Pennsylvania Railroad. From 

* Mr. Rogers’ formula of 50,000 tons of ore from each running mile of outcrop was 
based upon his then assumed maximum depth of no more than 30 yards for the soft ore 
in a stratum 18 inches thick, two tons of ore going to a cubic yard. 


92 


this and another open cut a mile or so distant in the direction of I yrone 
hundreds of thousands of tons of first-class ore have been mined during 
the last thirty years with no signs of exhaustion. Similar deposits may 
exist along the outcrop of VI and VII in the Valley of the Bald Eagle 
Creek on the Lyon, Sliorb and Co.’s lands. 

The black slates of VIII are the front edge and bottom formation of 
the lofty Devonian face or slope of the Alleghany Mountain capped 
with Coal Measures. Important beds of brown hematite are known to 
exist in this unexplored district. They belong to a system of limonite 
rocks largely developed and extensively mined where the same rocks 
descend, east of Tussey Mountain, beneath the Broad Top Coal Basin. 

The Larry’s Creek hard “fossil” ore of IX (Upper Devonian ; not a 
true fossil ore, but a pisolite) also ranges through the hills and across 
the ravines descending from the Alleghany Mountain. But I believe it 
to be everywhere worthless, because it has been examined at a number 
of points back of Bedford, and back of Williamsport, and never has been 
found worth working. 

Coal. 

Finally the lowest beds of coal pass through the Western tracts on the 
summit of the Alleghany Mountains, 3000 feet more or less above tide 
level. 

The Situation. 

No combination of advantages was ever offered for the growth of an 
inland city greater than that which has already secured for Tyrone City 
its exceptional prosperity. The map explains the situation. Built on a 
level plain, the delta of the Little Bald Eagle Creek, at a gap in the 
barrier of the Bald Eagle Mountain to which the trade of Western Penn¬ 
sylvania converges, to follow the waters of the Juniata River to the sea¬ 
board, Tyrone City commands the gate of this inland commerce of Penn¬ 
sylvania. Seven railroads here converge, viz: the Pennsylvania Central, 
with its Hollidaysburg branch from the Morrison’s Cove and Bedford ore 
regions, and its Bell’s Gap branch from the Coal Measures of Cambria 
County ; the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, with its Tyrone and Clearfield 
branch from the Osceola and Phillipsburg coal fields, and the Belief >nte 
and Horse Shoe Branch from the Moshannon coal field ; and the Lewis- 
burgh Centre County and Tyrone Railroad which passes the brown 
hematite mines of the Nittany Valley. Ore of every kind, and fuel from 
the anthracite as well as from the bituminous coal fields, here meet at a 
natural centre already adopted by the Railway system. The roar of 
railway trains through the gap literally never ceases, day nor night. A 
train from one direction or another passes Tyrone station on an average 
every three or four minutes. 

The shops of the Pennsylvania Central are at Altoona 14 miles distant 
where the 1° ascent of the Alleghany Mountain commences. Large 
manufacturing establishments, therefore, will characterize the future of 


93 


Tyrone ; and especially iron works. Two rivers of mountain-sandstone 
water meet at the gap. Ribs of limestone and hydraulic cement range 
through the first heights back of the town. An immense forest covers 
the heights beyond and spreads thence through the western counties. 
Nine hundred feet above tide, the place enjoys an admirable summer 
climate, while the cold of winter is not excessive. The valleys in front 
have been settled about a hundred years, and the population is ample for 
the supply of hands. The fertility of the limestone farms is famous. 
One extensive tannery already utilises the hemlock bark brought down 
by the railways descending the mountain, and the leather manufacture 
will have one of its centres here on the closing up of the connection of 
the Clearfield with the Bennett’s Branch Railway. 

A glance at the map of Pennsylvania will suffice to show the future 
importance of Tyrone as the terminus of a new through line of railroad 
already approaching completion. The Pennsylvania Railroad ascends 
the Alleghany Mountain from Pittsburgh by following the Kiskaminitas 
or Conemaugli river, through Westmoreland and Fayette counties, to its 
head in Cambria county. It then descends the front of the mountain to 
Altoona and Tyrone, and follows the Juniata river and the Susquehanna 
river to Harrisburg and the Seaboard. 

Another railroad, virtually owned by the same great corporation, as¬ 
cends the Alleghany river, and then its branches the Red Bank and 
Sandy, to a low divide in Jefferson and Clearfield counties, and so passes 
over to the head waters of Bennet’s branch and the West branch of the 
Susquehanna river, which it descends to Harrisburg and the Seaboard. 
This more northern line is intended to relieve the middle or main line of 
all its slow and heavy freight. 

The two lines are cross-joined by the Bald Eagle Valley railroad, be¬ 
tween Tyrone and Lock Haven ; and will be connected again a«d lower 
down by the Lewisburg, Centre County and Tyrone Railroad, as shown 
upon my map. 

But an east and west third connection will be made between Tyrone 
and Reynoldsville, by extending the Tyrone and Clearfield Railroad 
(which is shown on the north edge of the map) a few miles to meet the 
Low Grade Slow Freight Line at Reynoldsville. When this is done, 
Tyrone will be the terminus of another main line connecting the V est- 
ern oountry with Eastern Pennsylvania. By this road the superb coal 
field of Clearfield, Jefferson, Indiana, and Armstrong counties will have 
a direct outlet upon the Pennsylvania Central Railroad at Tyrone. This 
field has been, until now, entirely closed ; and yet it is perhaps, on the 
whole, the largest and richest in the State, not excepting that of West- 
moreland county. Some of its beds make excellent coke, as good as the 
Connellsville coke ; one or two yield high gas coal ; and the F erriferous 
Limestone horison of iron ore, of the Lower Coal measure, spreads 
through it. 


SCHEDULE OF JUNIATA LANDS HELD IN FEE SIMPLE BY LYON, SIIORB & CO. 


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Drawn By HARDEN ^SON Mininc Engineers 
PHILADELPHIA. 

From the oricinal in the possession of 
Mr J.R.Lowrie of Warriors Mark. 
Corrected to date. 

October 1873. 


.AZf/jcZ .S/mu/- 

\..V)S.AflSSZ. 


An/yrarZ fyxttr 
41S.it.9dP, _ 


nuyu cmim a 


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440.4*. /lift 


'//an. .Mirin'. ' 

■MSJo. Z49ZI 




































































































^ m Wfovt co/ifour titter, oft/e Mnic/m<e mid S?mmi of a par/ (/deJdmer 
rwr/A-eas/ of '/J/e JAti/e dfmuata M/de/; m %////////{/do/i aru/ foe/dre dm. qAim 

ZU tftusfrate a an the W Go. ofrfMoiy; fy X.°At/. Sen/. $Utur!&en* 

, —»_ _<* > >Y r / jfrieh/-uwrk fry X'rct/kk/en /P/aft. of ■ Pfri/aefr'efyoAAa. \ 


Jwt 

of the .“iron (fa.Mines 


1. West iPenhutyteifr. 

2. fast iPennimjtm. 

3. nameless. 

Jt. deck’s 

5. Town.. 

6. ftwmbargers. 
J.Xwnnahyumace. 
8.Waites. 

g. ‘Braunsteller’s. 

4 0. itone-tcu-n. 

44. frfrytie’s 
41. ZM‘'ZtCisvnry's. 

4 3. Ma n n a h J: Jt - ‘4. 
4A. ‘Bulls. ~ / 

(5. Pond. Jt~.fr. 

46. dte/L. 

17. California... 

48. didder*. 

49/Whorms. / 

ZO. Pond. Z . 

21. Wye’s. 

ZZ.it/j-afis. 

2 3. iMHe iiry Mo U/)ie. 
24.3>ry Mellow. 

25. Wtarn's. 

2A fr&ressler’s. 

27. Xerr % ZBredens. 

28. Mest/er's. 

29. Pennsylvania,. 

30. Clel Heal of M. Zhn 
34 JGiun/frngiicn Sum 


ten . rfup, giving the names of the 
-pal ridges, valleys and streams 
of the Ore i/legion, f 

Raid-eagle Hannah iVatiltlu. 

aJ". B.KMXK. _ F 


Xunh.fjnf] C g/, Hilts*-. -tO/fjj 

~h?m- T MiHOte Sd""" 1 
J. -a of 1 - „.ua>fW n 


Canoe jL* 

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30 Horsey Ore .'tia/tk'.s 





































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































